This study focused on what combination of anaerobic digestion (AD) temperature (ambient, mesophilic, and thermophilic) and olive mill waste (OMW) to dairy manure (DM) ratio mixture delivers the desired renewable energy and digestate qualities when using AD as olive mill waste treatment. OMW is widespread in the local environment in the North Sinai region, Egypt, which causes many environmental hazards if left without proper treatment. Three different mixtures consisting of OMW, dairy manure (DM), and inoculum (IN) were incubated under ambient, mesophilic, and thermophilic conditions for 45 days. The results showed that mixture B (2:1:2, OMW:DM:IN) at 55 °C produced more methane than at 35 °C and ambient temperature by 40% and 252%, respectively. Another aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the different concentrations of the digestate taken from each mixture on faba bean growth. The results showed that the maximum fresh weight values of the shoot system were observed at 10% and 15% for mixture B at ambient temperature. The best concentration value for the highest root elongation rate is a 5% addition of digestate mixture A at 55 °C, compared with other treatments.
Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2017 and 2018 at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Egypt to study the effect of three levels of irrigation (100, 80 and 60% of irrigation water requirement) and three types of soil amendments (without, gypsum and pressed olive cake) and their combinations on growth and yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. cv. "Top Star") crop under El-Arish region conditions. Plants were irrigated using drip irrigation system. The highest values of all studied traits; viz., vegetative growth, plant fresh and dry weights, yield of grad A and B and total yield were recorded with using 100 % followed by 80% irrigation level both + pressed olive cake that followed by applying 80% irrigation level + gypsum as soil amendment, respectively in both growing seasons. While the lowest values were obtained by application 60% of water requirements with or without using soil amendments. Define et al. (2000) reported thatCapsicum annum L. is one of the most susceptible crops to water stress because of wide transpiring leaf surface and elevated stomatal openings and yet relatively copious amounts of water may be undesirable in terms of resultant fruit yield and quality. The quality of paprika therefore depends on a moisture regime. Also, Palada and O'Keefe (2001) investigated the response of hot pepper cultivars to levels of drip irrigation in the Virgin Islands and observed increasing yield trends with increasing amounts of irrigation water. In addition, Shaozhong et al. (2001), Ismail et al. (2002) and Dorji et al. (2005) found that under water stress conditions, there were reductions in fruit size, number of fruits and fresh fruit yield.
Two field experiments were conducted during winter seasons of 2014-15 and 2015-16 at the Agric. Res. Station, Veg. Res. Dept., Hort. Res. Inst., Agric. Res. Center, in El-Arish, North Sinai Governorate, Egypt. The aim of this investigation to study the effect of two sowing dates (15 th October., and 15 th November), two irrigation treatments (100% for water requirements for pea , which is 2100 m 3 distributed through the growth stage to irrigation every day and irrigated every two days by half of these requirements) and five fertilization treatments (100% NPK from recommended dose as control, Cow manure, and Compost at rates of 10 and 20 m 3 per fed. from each) on Sementi Pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar growth and yield under sandy soil condition with drip irrigation system. The treatments were arranged randomly in a split-split -plot design, in three replications where the two sowing dates were randomly arranged in the main plots, two irrigation intervals were randomly distributed in sub plots., and five fertilization treatments were allotted in sub sub plots. The results showed that the highest values of all growth parameters; i.e., plant height, number of branches, number of leaves as well as the fresh and dry weight of pea plants, recorded at the first sowing date (15 th October) and irrigation every day with addition of compost at the rate of 20 m 3 or 10 m 3 per fed. Followed by sowing in the same date and the irrigation every two days with addition of compost at the rate of 20 m 3 per fed. The results indicated that the first sowing date (15 th October) of pea plants with irrigation every day or every two days and adding organic fertilizer from compost at the rate of 20 m 3 per fed recorded the highest values of number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, pod length, and yield per plant as well as total yield per fed. Followed by planting in the same date with irrigation every day and adding of compost fertilization at the rate of 10 m 3 per fed. Also, the results showed that the highest values for leaf content of photosynthetic pigments as well as the seed content of N P K and protein were obtained from sowing on 15 th October and irrigation each day with adding compost fertilizer at the rate of 20 and 10 m 3 / fed. Followed by sowing on the same date with irrigation every two days and adding 20 m 3 of compost /fed. Regard to the water relations, resulted indicated that, irrigation of pea plants every two days during the different stages of growth reduced the total yield by 17.29 -17.06 % , and saving about 2.86 -3.09 % of (IWR) in the two growing seasons, respectively. In addition, increasing all investigated organic fertilizer rates with lowering of amount water irrigation led to water saving more than 24%. Among these results, it is clear that the highest value of water use efficiency (5.96 and 6.40 kg/m -3 ) in the first and second season, respectively was obtained with application of the doubled amount compost ( 20 m 3 per fed.) with irrigation every two days under sandy soil condition in Nort...
This study was carried out during summer season of 2017 and 2018 at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Egypt to investigate the effects of water irrigation levels and soil amendments on content of N, P and K in leaves and fruits as well as fruit quality of sweet pepper plant. Sweet pepper cv. "Top star" was subjected to three irrigation levels (100,80 and 60% of irrigation requirements) and three soil amendments; i.e., control (without amendment), gypsum and pressed olive cake and their interactions in a factorial experiment using the randomized complete block design with three replications. Drip irrigation system was used and soil texture was sandy loam. The obtained results indicated that the highest contents of N, P and Kin leaves and fruit were recorded with applying 100% irrigation level + pressed olive cake as soil amendment followed by 80% irrigation levels + pressed olive cake in both seasons. All fruit quality studied traits; viz., fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit wall thickness, hardness, TSS%, and vitamin C content had their highest values with applying 100% of irrigation water + pressed olive cake as a soil amendment in both seasons, except length/diameter (L/D) ratio and pH values, where the highest values of fruit L/D ratio were recorded with applying 80% of irrigation water level + pressed olive cake in both seasons, while the highest values of fruit pH were recorded with applying 80% of irrigation water + pressed olive cake without significant difference than the same treatment of soil amendment with 100% or 60% irrigation water level in both seasons.
Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Exp. Farm, Fac. Environ. Agric. Sci., El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt, to study the effect of water stress and phosphorus rates on growth, yield and its components as well as water and phosphorus use efficiency on cowpea cv. '' Kafr-El Sheikh'' grown under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. The experiment included 12 treatments, which were the combinations of three water levels; viz., 50, 75 and 100 % of irrigation water requirements (IWR) and four rates of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 / fed.). The results show that increasing irrigation deficit increased water saving and water use efficiency (WUE), however it reduce seed yield/fed. The highest value of water saving and WUE was obtained from 50% IWR treatment. However, the highest value of phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was achieved by treatment received 40 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. as well as, significant differences among irrigation water levels and phosphorus rates and their interactions were detected for all studied traits in both seasons. The high level of IWR (100%) gave the best values for all traits under study without significant differences when compared with 75% of IWR for some traits, except protein % which increased with addition of the lowest level (50% IWR) in both seasons. Application of phosphorus at rates of 40 or 60 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. exhibited the highest results for all studied characters in both seasons. The best combinations treatments for growth and yield were supplying cowpea plants with 100 % of IWR and fertilizing the highest two rates of phosphorus (40 or 60 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. for all traits, followed by the medium level (75% of IWR) with the both high rates of P 2 O 5 .
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