Six parental lines of indeterminate tomato were used in half diallel model to study performance, degree of heterosis and combining ability.This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Environmental Agriculture Sciences, Arish University during two successive seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020. Results revealed that the parental lines IRS-43-2, VR-6 and VL-5-4 exhibited the best values for most studied characters,however the cross combinations IRS-43-2 x VR-6, IR-44-2 x VR-6 and VR-6 x VL-5-4 were the best among the crosses.Hybrid vigour was observed in many traits, the significant positive heterosis over the check hybrid was detected in all characters and the highest values were reflected by the crosses VR-6 x VL-5-4 for growth traits and IRS-43-2 x VR-6 for early yield, total yield and Vit. C content. Variances of combining ability and genetic components revealed that additive gene action played the main role in the inheritance of fruit set percentage, total yield plant-1 , average fruit weight, fruit shape and Vit. C. Based on GCA effects, the good combiner was Vl-5-4, for growth traits; IRS-43-2 and VR-6 for early yield, total yield, number of locules, and Vit. C. The highly significant positive values of SCA effects observed in crosses VR-6 x VL-5-4 for growth traits and Vit. C; IRS-43-2 x VL-5-4 for early yield; and IR-44-1 x VL-7-4 for total yield and average fruit weight. Three promising crosses (IRS-43-2 x VR-6; IR-44-2 x VR-6; VR-6 x VL-5-4) could be used commercially as local hybrids after testing in multi locations and seasons.

The antifungal activity of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Cleome amblyocarpa was investigated against the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum (MW485609) the cause of chickpea wilt. Experimental results showed that the growth of F. oxysporum started to reach 50 % inhibition at 80 𝜇g/mL of AgNPs and also with 150 𝜇g/mL plant extract. The highest reduction % on the mycelial growth was 60.4 ± 0.00 and 67.4±1.16mm with plant extract and green synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Data also revealed that the most effective concentration of green AgNPs solution was, 200 µl/mL, which showed 5.18 % and 9.79 % early and late wilt incidence. On the other hand, early and late wilt incidence recorded 11.24 % and 16 % due to plant extract. Meanwhile, plant survival rates were 85.03 % and 72.76 %, respectively, whereas the untreated control plants recorded only 4.85 % survivals. Images proved that the green synthesized silver nanoparticles affected the morphology of fungal hyphae grown on media supplemented with (AgNPs) solution and nanoparticles appeared in fungal cell walls compared with the effect of plant extract and with fungal hypha of control plates. Moreover, observations with TEM and SEM revealed that synthesized nanoparticles damaged fungal hyphae, causing the deformation of cell membranes and inhibition of the normal budding process. The solution of AgNPs illustrates good stability at -19.8 mV at an area of 100 %, a width of 6.75 mV. The size of AgNPs ranged from 6.06 to 40.9 nm; Mean = 20.088 nm, Dev (rms) = 7.2 nm. This research demonstrates that (AgNPs) can be employed as a safe and environmentally acceptable alternative in controlling pathogenic fungi, and limits dependence on fungicides and avoids the development of fungicide-resistant phytopathogenic generations. The green synthesis of nanoparticles with the help of C. amblyocarpa was considered a practicable and environmentally friendly way.

The present study was conducted at the Experimental Farm, Fac., Environ. Agric., Sci., Arish Univ., during successive summer seasons of 2018 and 2019, to screening twenty one genotypes of tomato as well as Galaxy 040 F1 as check to high temperature under North Sinai conditions. The analyses of variance for all studied traits revealed that mean squared of genotypes were highly significant under high average day/nighttime temperature (34.6 oC and 23.9 oC, respectively) of two seasons. The studied lines CLN 1621F, Rio Grande and CLN2514A were the best for floral traits. However, the superior genotypes for fruit set percentage were CLN2026D and Rio Grande. Results of screening revealed that CLN2514A was the best for no. fruits/plant, CLN2413D and CLN1466EA for average fruit weight and CLN1621F for fruit yield /plant (2.84 kg). The highest content of proline recorded by CLN1621F and CLN3125L. Tomato genotypes ranked based on cumulative score to tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately sensitive and sensitive groups. The clustering pattern of tomato entries grouped into five clusters. The clusters 1, 3 and 4 consisted of three genotypes, whereas the clusters 2 and 5 involved nine and four ones, respectively. Principal component analysis revealed that first two components participating 81.3% of total variability. The highest contribution towards total variability in PC1 and PC2 reflected by no. pollen grains/anther, pollen viability%, branches/plant, fruit set%, fruit yield/plant, average fruit weight, no. seeds/fruit and proline content traits, suggesting that these traits might be taken in concern for successful selection of tomato genotypes under high temperature.

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Two field experiments were carried out during summer seasons of 2014 and 2015 at Exp. Farm, Fac. Environ. Agric. Sci., El-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt, to study the effect of water stress and phosphorus rates on growth, yield and its components as well as water and phosphorus use efficiency on cowpea cv. '' Kafr-El Sheikh'' grown under sandy soil conditions using drip irrigation system. The experiment included 12 treatments, which were the combinations of three water levels; viz., 50, 75 and 100 % of irrigation water requirements (IWR) and four rates of phosphorus (0, 20, 40 and 60 kg P 2 O 5 / fed.). The results show that increasing irrigation deficit increased water saving and water use efficiency (WUE), however it reduce seed yield/fed. The highest value of water saving and WUE was obtained from 50% IWR treatment. However, the highest value of phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) was achieved by treatment received 40 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. as well as, significant differences among irrigation water levels and phosphorus rates and their interactions were detected for all studied traits in both seasons. The high level of IWR (100%) gave the best values for all traits under study without significant differences when compared with 75% of IWR for some traits, except protein % which increased with addition of the lowest level (50% IWR) in both seasons. Application of phosphorus at rates of 40 or 60 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. exhibited the highest results for all studied characters in both seasons. The best combinations treatments for growth and yield were supplying cowpea plants with 100 % of IWR and fertilizing the highest two rates of phosphorus (40 or 60 kg P 2 O 5 /fed. for all traits, followed by the medium level (75% of IWR) with the both high rates of P 2 O 5 .