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Background: Children with pollakiuria have extraordinary daytime urinary frequency, which means urination every 15 to 20 minutes per day, without nocturnal enuresis, urinary incontinence, dysuria, and UTIs. This can be associated with developmental disorders. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the effect of Pollakiuria on developmental disorders. Methods: A total of 224 individuals were included in this study. The age range was 5 to 7 years old and 70 patients with Pollakiuria were allocated to the case group and 154 healthy individuals were included in the control group. Height, weight, and Body Mass Index (BMI) were measured and were compatible with gender and age. The following information was also recorded, personal and social development,

Background: Based on the evidence, the correction of zinc deficiency in patients with nephrotic syndrome may improve the prognosis of these patients. Objectives: So this study aimed to investigate the serum zinc level in children with nephrotic syndrome. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 102 children with nephrotic syndrome. After obtaining informed consent, we collected data regarding age, gender, the severity of nephrotic syndrome (mild, moderate, and severe), and serum zinc level. Results: The mean age of the patients was 6.2 ± 3.2 years. The serum zinc level was normal in 12 patients (11.76%), lower than normal in 86 patients (84.31%), and higher than normal in 4 patients (3.92%). Also we observed that, the serum zinc level was significantly lower in patients with severe nephrotic syndrome (31.48 ± 6.8) than in patients with moderate (59.12 ± 5.4) and mild (78.82 ± 4.1) nephrotic syndrome. Conclusions: We can improve the nephrotic syndrome condition of children by correcting their serum zinc levels.

Background: Functional constipation is a common disorder in children, and evidence suggests that psychiatric disorders may induce functional constipation in children. The present study aimed to evaluate and compared anxiety disorders in children with and without functional constipation. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 200 children (100 cases with functional constipation and 100 children without functional constipation) aged 15 - 8 years. The participants’ age and gender were evaluated and compared in two groups. Moreover, the Spence Children Anxiety Scale (SCAS) (parent form) for children was completed. Finally, the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software version 24. Results: Of 200 evaluated cases in the case and control groups, there were 46 (46.0%) and 59 (59.0%) males, respectively (P = 0.113). The mean ± SD of age in total, the case, and the control groups were 7.51 ± 1.91, 7.61 ± 0.91, and 7.41 ± 2.49 years, respectively (P = 0.585). Furthermore, SCAS in the case group was significantly higher (33.06 ± 14.4 vs. 24.8 ± 14.9, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the mean of separation anxiety disorder (P = 0.001), generalized anxiety (P = 0.003), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were significantly higher in the functional constipation group (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Anxiety was higher in children with functional constipation than in children without functional constipation (ie, control group), among which separation anxiety, generalised anxiety, and OCD were significantly different in the two groups.

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