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This paper intends to highlight the intensity of the use of deliberative democracy in the policy making process. It assists policy makers to understand the significance of deliberative democracy and the preliminary conditions to conduct effective and successful deliberation for the purpose of producing best quality decisions. This paper stressed the relationship between deliberation and citizen's satisfaction of government decisions. It indicated that deliberative democracy helps citizens to directly influence on the quality of the decision and better represent their preferences by proposing their agenda and views on policy alternatives and issues. Deliberative democracy is a technique that stabilizes citizens' interests by diminishing domination, despotism, and better assessing public choices. This paper found that deliberation legitimizes government decisions and maximizes the outcome of the policies. This article defined several advantages of deliberative democracy in the public policy making process which pursues equality, mutual interest; reason based discussion, public goods, the decision focused and agreement on disputed preferences. It also concluded that deliberative democracy facilitates free and fair participation and creating opportunity for discussion and information sharing between participants prior to the implementation process of government policies.

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This paper presents the development of a novel one-side-electrode-type fluidic-based capacitive pressure sensor. A pressure sensor using a one-side-electrode and an implementation of electrical double layer capacitance concept was proposed. Mechanical analysis of the membrane was carried out using the finite-element analysis in terms of deflection and Mises stress. A sensor with a circular membrane radius of 3.2 mm, membrane thickness of 0.8 mm, microchannel thickness of 0.5 mm, and microchannel width of 0.5 mm was fabricated using polydimethylsiloxane. The validation was made between the analytical and experimental results for fluid mechanisms inside the sensor. This showed that the displacement for all types of liquid, including methanol, ethanol, and silicon oil was linearly aligned. Methanol was chosen as an electrolyte due to its liquid properties, such as low surface tension and dielectric permittivity. From the experimental results, the operating frequency, response time, and sensitivity of the sensor were 1.2 kHz, 0.12 s, and 0.77 pF/kPa, respectively. The effects of vibration, temperature, and lifetime were also discussed in this paper.Index Terms-Capacitive pressure sensor, electrical double layer, PDMS, electrolyte.

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<p>This paper proposed an optical pH measurement system developed to measure the changes of pH levels based on colorimetric reactions with phenol red reagent. The optical sensing was achieved through the implementation of a pair of light emitting diode (LED) and photodiode. The detection mechanism was based on different absorbance of light intensity at pH values of 2.36, 8.32, 9.08 and 12.83. The data processing method was carried out using LabVIEW software and interfaced with NI USB DAQ 6008. The measured voltage showed a good correlation in relation to the pH level with R2 equals to 0.9624. This relationship was used as a calibration curve in the final system testing. The final measurement of pH showed a good agreement between the actual and measured values with an error of less than 5%, thus indicating the reliability of the proposed system.</p>

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