Curcumin, an active compounds found in Curcuma domestica Val, exhibits many pharmacological effects. Due to its numerous benefits, pressurized liquid water extraction is gaining many interests from researchers. Response Surface Methodology applied in the optimization study of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin from Curcuma domestica Val. Central Composite Design was applied in the design of this research. The parameter process studied were temperature (130-150 0 C), time (20-40 minutes) and reaction volume (4-6.2 L). The solid-liquid ratio was fixed at a ratio of 1:10, ad the pressure was fixed of 2 bar. Response surface of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin was expressed by a second-order polynomial. The research showed that the model we adequate to predict the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin in the range of variables studied in this research. The research showed that temperature was the most influencing variable for pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin from Curcuma domestica Val. The optimal value of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin was obtained by solving the second-order polynomial regression equation. The curcumin pressurized liquid water extraction was optimum at an extraction temperature of 156.81 0 , extraction time of 46.81 minutes and solvent volume of 6.95L.
This work proposed a study of direct enzymatic of vanillin formation by using rumen fluid which has enzymatic capability for tissue disruption of vanilla green pods to avoid the curing process. Application of enzymes during the formation of vanilla aromas and flavors and its extraction present nice opportunity to improve productivity, as the enzymatic reaction possibly substitute the microbial process in the traditional fermentation. Glucovanillin, the precursor of vanillin, contacted with the β-glucosidase in the green pods by destructing the cell wall. Liquid rument was providing enzyme for cell wall degradation. The contact of glucovanillin and β-glucosidase lead the hydrolysis of glucovanillin into vanillin. The amounts of glucovanillin and vanillin were examined by using HPLC analysis. The identification of vanillin was investigated by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrofotometry. Vanillin content of vanilla green pods was found higher in which by treating the vanilla green pods at 30°C.
With respect to its multiple uses, such as in cosmetics, foods, aromatherapy and the pharmaceutical industry, ginger oil has a high value in the world market. The ginger oil obtained from conventional extraction usually has low zingiberene content, possibly due to thermal degradation. To overcome this problem, an alternative ginger oil production process by enzymatic extraction using cow rumen enzymes is investigated. The aim of the research is to obtain the optimum conditions for zingiberene-rich ginger oil extraction by using immobile isolated cow rumen enzyme. The experiments were conducted under varying temperatures (40-60 o C), enzyme-substrate ratios (0.05-0.2) and extraction times (1-5 days). The microwave assisted distillation was conducted for 90 minute to separate the ginger oil from its mixture. The zingiberene content in the oil was measured by GC analysis. The most influential factor in the enzymatic extraction of ginger oil was determined by experimental design 23. Analysis of the results shows that for the extraction with a rumen ratio of 1:5 at 60 o C, the most influential factor was the extraction time, in this case 5 days, and ginger oil was obtained with zingiberene contents of 21.56% and 26.28% at pH 5 and pH 4 respectively. Prolonging the extraction time to 6 days with pH 5 caused a decrease in zingiberene content to 20.76%.
Tea plants in Indonesia are derived from Carmelia sinensis var. assamica which contain catechin in quite high amount compared with other countries tea plant. Green tea is made by inactivating the oxidase / phenolase enzyme that presents in the fresh tea leaf buds from tea garden, by using hot steam to prevent the oxidation of the catechins. Drying process to reduce the moisture of tea, one of the method is by utilizing the dry air from dehumidification process. Liquid desiccant made from 50% concentration of CaCl2, the temperature is lowered to 10 °C and sprayed into the air stream which contains water vapor by using a 0.2 mm spraying nozzle so that mass transfer and latent heat occur in the dehumidifier. The result of air dehumidification process used for drying tea leaves. The air is able to dry the tea leaves from the weight of 58 grams to 47 grams. Then the liquid desiccant dehumidification process will be streamed into the humidifier, where the liquid desiccant regeneration process will have change into the initial concentration. The result of air humidification process has an average absolute humidity rise of 0.07 g/kg. The liquid desiccant regeneration process that happened continuously reaching the saturation point at 280 minutes. It can be concluded that the process of dehumidification-humidification is a fairly effective method for drying the tea leaves.
Crude palm oil, consumed as a healthy food oil, contains a 3-monochloro-propane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) ester in the range of 0.04-0.05 ppm. The 3-MCPD compound is one of the contaminants belonging to the chloropropanol group that is genotoxin carcinogen. It is therefore necessary to develop an integrated palm oil refining through adsorption with a modified palm empty fruit bunch bioadsorbent to reduce 3-MCPD ester (<2 ppm / Codex Standard). Response Surface Method applied in the optimization study of the modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The research was designed by using Central Composite Design. The parameter process studied were temperature (60-800C), time (20-40 minutes) and oil volume (400-600 ml). Response surface of the pressurized liquid water extraction of curcumin was expressed by a second-order polynomial. The research showed that temperature was the most influencing variable for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm. The response surface contour plots of the RSM on the effect of temperature, time and oil volume have showed that the optimum condition for the adsorption of 3-MCPD from modified empty fruit bunch of oil palm were adsorption performed at temperature of 86.80C, 46.81 minutes and oil volume of 668.17 ml.
The establishment of subcritical fluid application for zingiberene extraction was studied by employing water as a green solvent. The zingiberene content was observed by using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrofotometry and regarding to the independent variable of temperature, extraction time, ginger-solvent ratio and aging time. By applying subcritical water, the critical value of zingiberene content obtained was 0.036%. This value was approached by the surface modeling of alpha for rotatability design which performed at 125 C, 20 min of extraction time, 0.08 of ginger to solvent ratio and 9 min of aging time of extraction parameters. The surface modeling was validated by plotting the observed and predicted value of zingiberene content and evidenced by the value of R-square at 0.76.
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