ABSTRACT:The aim of this research was to know the perception of cattle farmers towards dung utilization as biogas in Sekarmojo village, Purwosari, Pasuruan. The study used qualitative method with phenomenological approach. The data were collected from cattle farmers in Mojo hamlet, Sekar Mojo village, Pasuruan regency through interview, documentation and observation. The result showed that farmers in Sukorejo village did not utilize cow dung as biogas due to lack of knowledge about biogas. Instead of it, they prefered use it directly as fertilizer in their fields. Moreover, there were many negative perceptions such as village myth, expensive cost for biogas installation, worried of failure to sustain the biogas and traumatic of gas explosion. Keywords : biogas, dung, village, farmer, cattle PENDAHULUANKebutuhan bahan bakar minyak (BBM) terus mengalami peningkatan seiring dengan meningkatnya proses industrialisasi. Kondisi ini tentu berpengaruh terhadap pola hidup ekonomi masyarakat sehingga akan mendorong meningkatnya kebutuhan energi. Padahal ketersediaan bahan bakar fosil sebagai pemasok utama sumber energi nasional semakin mahal dan terbatas (Yunus, 1995). Hal ini mengharuskan semua pihak berupaya mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan sumber daya energi yang dapat diperbaharui.Usaha peternakan dapat memberikan manfaat yang besar jika dilihat dari perannya sebagai penyedia protein hewani. Namun, peternakan juga menjadi penyebab timbulnya pencemaran (Kristoferson dan Bokalders, 1991).Hasil samping peternakan berupa limbah dalam skala besar dan semakin intensif akan menimbulkan masalah yang komplek. Selain bau yang tidak sedap, keberadaannya juga mencemari lingkungan, mengganggu pemandangan dan bisa menjadi penyakit. Seekor sapi berbobot 454 kg mampu menghasilkan 30 kg limbah feses dan urine setiap hari. Jika peternak memelihara 100 ekor sapi, maka jumlah limbah yang dihasilkan sebanyak 3 ton perhari dan akan mengganggu lingkungan sekitarnya.Selama ini limbah feses dan urine banyak dimanfaatkan hanya sebagai pupuk oleh sebagian besar peternak dengan cara membawanya langsung ke kebun tanpa melalui pengomposan terlebih dahulu. Padahal feses tersebut masih panas dan bisa mengganggu pertumbuhan tanaman.
Product diversification is needed to increase selling and marketing prices. One of them is the African catfish sausage product. Liquid smoke has been used commercially by the food industry. This study aimed to determine the physical and chemical properties of smoked African catfish after adding different concentrations of liquid smoke and immersion duration. The chemical analysis measured the levels of protein, fat, and phenol. The results showed that sausage with a concentration of 20% liquid and soaking for 30 minutes was the best treatment with a protein content of 43.8 ± 0.34%, a fat of 12.33 ± 0.61%, and phenol 292.74 ppm. Determination of the compound using GC-MS found that the most dominant compound in the smokeless sausage was 2-hexanone, 3,3 dimethyl with a relative concentration of 32.42%. The dominant compound in the besttreated sausage was Furan, tetrahydro-2,2-dimethyl- with a relative concentration of 19%. Liquid smoke penetration is clearly visible in the microstructure of smoked sausages, both in the best-treated smoked sausages and commercial sausages. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) magnification of 2.500x shows that the best emulsified smoked sausages have a flatter structure, smaller droplets, and are more refined than smokeless sausages or commercial smoked sausages.
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of cadmium nitrat (CdNO3) in Gambusia affinis on growth and the development of histopathological changes in gill organs and on the activity of some oxidative stress markers during a 96-hours acute toxicity test. Tests were performed on G. affinis. The average initial weight of fish used in the experiment was 3±1.2 g and the average initial total length of fish was 5.21±3.48 mm. The fish were exposed to a range of CdNO3 concentrations (1 mg/L, environmental concentration, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 nad 0.0001 mg/L) for 96 hours. Each test on a CdNO3-treated group was performed in duplicate. There were no significant differences between the specific growth rates of fish from the test groups and from the control group. Histopathological examination revealed no pathological changes in organs of fish exposed to any CdNO3 concentration. Significantly lower CAT and SOD activity (p<0.05, p<0.01) was found in fish exposed to CdNO3 concentrations of 1, 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L compared to the control group; the control group was observed. H2O2, GSH and GPx exhibited significantly higher activity (p<0.01) in the 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L groups compared to the control group. But none of these differences were significant (p>0.05). No significance differences (p>0.05) between the control group and any experimental group were found with respect to Protease activity. The MDA level was significantly higher (p<0.01) at a concentrations of 1, 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 mg/L compared to the control, while in the other experimental groups no significant differences compared to the control group (p>0.05) were observed. According to our results, all tested concentrations of CdNO3, including the environmental concentration, had an inhibit on oxidative stress markers and detoxifying enzymes in exposed fish, but did not affect fish growth or cause the development of histopathological changes in the fish organism.
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh akivitas antibakteri ekstrak fenol Gracillaria verrucosa terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Aeromonas salmonicida serta berapa dosis dan lama ekstrak yang optimal. Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Konsentrasi ekstrak yang digunakan adalah 1 ppt, 1,5 ppt dan 2 ppt. Setiap perlakuan dilakukan 3 kali ulangan. Berdasarkan hasil uji Anova (Analysis of Variance) menunjukkan bahwa nilai rerata daya hambat pasca pemberian ekstrak fenol Gracilaria verrucosa adalah berbeda nyata (p < 0,05). Uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil) menunjukkan bahwa ektrak fenol Gracilaria verrucosa pada dosis 1.5 ppt mempunyai nilai rerata daya hambat tertinggi yaitu 15 mm, diikuti dosis 1 ppt dan 2 ppt dengan rerata masing-masing 10 mm dan 11 mm.Kata kunci: aktivitas antibakteri, Gracilaria verrucosa, Aeromonas salmonicida. ABSTRACTThe aim of research were to investigeste the effect of antibacterial activity of phenolic extracts Gracillaria verrucosa on the growth of bacteria Aeromonas salmonicida and the number of doses and optimal time extract. The method used was an experiment with a completely randomized design (CRD). The concentration of the extract used were 1 ppt, 1.5 ppt and 2 ppt. Each treatment was done 3 replications. Based on the test results of ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) showed that the average value of the inhibition of post Gracilaria verrucosa phenol extract was significantly different (p <0.05). LSD (Least Significant Difference) showed that Gracilaria verrucosa phenol extract at a dose of 1.5 ppt has the highest average value of the inhibition by 15 mm, followed by a dose of 1 ppt and 2 ppt with a mean of respectively 10 mm and 11 mm.
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