Introduction: High fat diet (HFD) can cause lipid accumulation and contribute to various metabolic disorders. Single clove garlic oil (SCGO) has advantages over regular garlic due to its higher amounts of organosulfide compounds in particular. This study aimed to determine the ability of SCGO extract to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and improve oxidative status by modulating expression of tumour necrosis factor α and superoxide dismutase in mice fed a HFD.Methods: Twenty-four adult male Balb/C mice were divided into six groups: i) normal diet; ii) positive control diet; iii) negative control diet; and iv) HFD with SCGO at 12.5 mg/kg body weight (mg/kg BW); v) HFD with SCGO at 25 mg/kg BW, vi) HFD with SCGO at 50 mg/kg BW. Liver weight and morphology, spleen weight, serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), TNF-α expression in the aorta and lipid profiles were assessed at the end of the experimental period.Results: SCGO treatment was associated with significant decreases in liver and spleen weight as well as amelioration of hepatic steatosis. SCGO treatment also decreased TNF-α levels and expression. Serum levels of SOD in the SCGO groups were significantly increased compared with the negative control group. Lipid profiles were improved in the SCGO treatment groups compared with the negative control group.Conclusion: SCGO as an herbal medicine could be an effective treatment for degenerative disorders caused by HFD.

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Introduction: Hyperglycemia mediates the production of excess free radicals and reduces endogenous antioxidant in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Black soybean (BSB) is rich in antioxidant mainly from isoflavones, whereas the antioxidant of purple sweet potato (PSP) comes from high anthocyanin. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of BSB, PSP, and its combination on malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) concentrations, insulin and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) expression in T2DM rats. Methods: T2DM induced by high-calorie diet for five weeks and then injected with a low dose of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg BW) intraperitoneally. The DM rats then treated with black soybean (DM + BSB), purple sweet potato (DM + PSP) and the combination of BSB and PSP 1:3, 2:2, 3:1 respectively (DM + C1-3). Treatments were given for thirty days. The effect of BSB, PSP and its combination evaluated by measuring SOD and MDA, necrosis in pancreas evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) and insulin and IRS-1 expression in pancreas through immunohistochemistry-fluorescence (IHC-F). Results: Our result indicated that there were no significant differences of BSB and the combination in decreasing MDA concentrations. The ratio of BSB and PSP combination of 2:2 increase SOD towards near normal, decrease necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1. Conclusion: The combination of BSB and PSP had the potential to improve insulin sensitivity through the increase of SOD, reduce necrosis, and improve insulin and IRS-1 expression. and Natural Sciences, Brawijaya University, Indonesia. Her research interest field is nutrigenomic. Currently, she has a research projects about garlic and their impact for health.

Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) will promote oxidative damage and can induce reproductive disorder. A therapeutic strategy to reduce effects of reproductive disorder is by maintaining the balance between ROS and antioxidants. Black soybean (BSB) contains phenolic compounds and has a greater antioxidant capacity than yellow soybean. Purple sweet potato (PSP) also has antioxidant capacity, due to the presence of anthocyanin, but is low in protein. The combination of BSB and PSP is expected to limit symptoms of reproductive disorder through decreasing ROS levels, enhancing testosterone production, and improve sperm quality. The results of this study indicate that the combination of PSP and BSB could restore blood glucose levels, improve seminiferous tubules diameter, decrease ROS production, and improve testosterone and sperm quality. A ratio of BSB to PSP of 2:2 and 3:1 were effective to improve symptoms of reproductive disorder in the type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rat model.

Background The high−fat, high−fructose diet (HFFD) provokes overnutrition and inflammation directly, mainly through Toll−like receptors (TLRs). Soybean ( Glycine max L.) contains isoflavone that can be transformed into glyceollin by microbial and physical stimuli. Glyceollin possesses many beneficial effects on health. Objective This study evaluates the beneficial effect of soybean extract elicited by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and light (ESE) on dendritic cells (DCs) profile and naïve T cells in HFFD mice. Materials and methods Female Balb/C mice were fed with HFFD for 24 weeks then orally administered with simvastatin 2.8 mg/kg BW or ESE 78, 104, and 130 mg/kg BW at the last four weeks. The expression of splenic CD11c + TLR3 + , CD11c + TLR4 + , NFκB + , CD11c + IL-17 + , CD11c + TNF−α + , CD4 + CD62L + , and CD8 + CD62L + subsets was measured by flow cytometry. The molecular docking has been measured using Pyrx 0.8, displayed in PyMol and Biovia Discovery Studio. Result HFFD significantly increased CD11c + TLR3 + , CD11c + TLR4 + , NFκB + , CD11c + IL-17 + , CD11c + TNF−α + expression and decreased CD4 + CD62L + and CD8 + CD62L + ( p < 0.05) compared to normal diet (ND) groups. ESE reduced CD11c + TLR3 + , CD11c + TLR4 + , thereby decreasing NFκB + , as well as decreased the CD11c + IL−17 + , CD11c + TNF−α + , and restores CD4 + CD62L + and CD8 + CD62L + subsets in HFFD mice. Glyceollin II exhibited the best binding affinity with an average energy of −7.3 kcal/mol to TLR3 and −7.9 kcal/mol to TLR4. Conclusion The bioactive compound in ESE act synergistically to modulate TLR3/TLR4 activation, reduced NFκB, IL−17, and TNF−α, and restores naïve T cells expression in HFFD mice. ESE was a favorable candidate to mitigate chronic inflammation.

Background Hyperlipidemia triggers atherosclerosis by involving immune cells, such as T-cells. T-cells plays a role in worsening conditions during a high-fat diet (HFD). Objective The research aimed to analyze the role of single garlic oil (SGO) on T-cells activation and its proinflammatory cytokine expression in HFD mice. Methods Mice were divided into six groups: ND (normal diet); HFD (high-fat diet without treatment); HFD + Simv (HFD + simvastatin 2.6 mg/kg body weight); and HFD + SGO 1–3 (high-fat diet + single garlic oil in a dose of 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Treatments were orally given every day for 45 days. At the end of treatments, lymphocytes were isolated from mice spleen. The relative number of T-cells and proinflammatory cytokines were measured using flow-cytometry and analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). Result Our result indicated that HFD mice had lower naive T cells (CD4+CD62L+) than normal mice (p < 0.05). SGO treatment in HFD mice increased the relative number of naïve T cells. HFD treatment increased the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ through NF-κB expression. Furthermore, SGO treatment improved the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ. Conclusion Our study suggests that SGO could act as a promising prospect for therapy to improve chronic inflammation in a HFD.

Background and Aim: Hyperglycemia increases advanced glycation end-product (AGE) production, and the activity of receptor for AGE (RAGE) in testis, which leads to testicular histopathological damage and infertility. This research investigated the effect of black soybean tempeh (BST), purple sweet potato (PSP), and its combination on AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: The rats were given high-fat diets for 5 weeks, then were injected intraperitoneally with multiple low doses of STZ (30 mg/kg body weight). Diabetes mellitus (DM) rats were divided into seven groups: DM, DM+glibenclamide, DM+BST, DM+PSP, and DM+combination of BST and PSP in ratio 1:3, 2:2, and 3:1 as C1, C2, and C3, respectively. The rats were treated for 30 days. Testicular AGE and RAGE expression and spermatozoa quality were measured. Results: The combination of BST and PSP significantly decreased AGE and RAGE expression in testicular organs and improved spermatozoa quality compared to the normal group. Conclusion: The combination of BST and PSP can be used as future alternatives to improve spermatozoa quality in DM patients.

Staphylococcus aureus is gram-positive bacteria that often infect the skin. S. aureus has been experiencing resistance to several antibiotics. One of the solutions to overcome the resistance is by using garlic that is believed by the society can overcome bacterial infection. The study aimed to find out the influence of the variation in concentration of local single clove garlic essential oil used on the inhibition and damage of morphological structure of S. aureus bacteria. The inhibition test was conducted using disc diffusion method. The experiment groups consisted of  1% DMSO as negative control, vancomycin 30µg/ml as positive control and single clove garlic essential oil (25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml and100 mg/ml) as treatment groups. The diameter of inhibition zone was measured using calipers. The morphological damage of the bacterial cells can be seen using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with magnification of 25000x. The result of Kruskal-Wallis test analysis indicated that the extract of local garlic essential oil has inhibitory activities against S. aureus bacteria (P<0.05). The damage to the morphological structure of bacterial cells with the administration of 30 µg/ml vancomycin was equal to 100 mg/ml single clove garlic essential oil extract. Single clove garlic essential oil can be used as an alternative treatment for skin infection diseases by inhibiting S. aureus growth.