Six Virginia-type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and their paired backcross-derived high-oleate lines were grown during 2003 and 2004 in North Carolina to compare standard germination (SG), cool germination (CG), and electrical conductivity (EC) of seed. Oleic acid level had no influence on SG but did alter CG and EC compared to the corresponding normal oleate cultivars. Averaged across background genotypes, high-oleate lines had lower seed vigor than their paired lines with normal oleic content. The high-oleate lines of three of the six pairs had lower CG and higher EC. Planting and harvest date affected all the seed quality traits measured. Standard germination of both normal and high-oleate lines was reduced in 2004 when harvest was delayed, but was not affected in 2003. In 2003, CG of the high-oleate lines was lower than that of normal lines in three of the four production environments; EC was higher in the high-oleate lines in all planting date and harvest date combinations. In 2004, there was no difference between the CG of normal and high-oleate lines, but EC was higher in the high-oleate lines for three of the four environments. In the greenhouse, the Virginia-type cultivars NC-V 11 and Gregory, along with their paired backcross-derived high-oleate lines were compared at 22/18 C, 26/22 C and 30/26 C day/night temperature regimes. Seed oleic to linoleic acid (O/L) ratio of normal peanut grown in 30/26 C, 26/22 C, and 22/18 C, measured 1.9, 1.5, and 1.3, respectively. The O/L ratio for their high-oleate pairs decreased from 24.7 when grown in 30/26 C to 15.9 in 26/22 C and to 13.7 in 22/18 C. Temperature did not affect the fatty acid composition of axis total lipid or phospholipid fractions. The high-oleate trait was expressed in the axis lipids. The average O/L ratio of axes from normal peanut was 1.1 while that of high-oleate lines was 4.6. Likewise, axis phospholipids for normal and high-oleate lines were 1.0 and 5.9. A lower production environment temperature decreased the O/L ratio of seed oil of high-oleic peanut lines, and the high-oleate trait expressed in peanut seed storage lipids is also expressed in axis membrane lipids to a lesser degree.

The release of metal ions may play an important role in toxicity of metal‐based nanoparticles. In this report, a life cycle study is carried out in a greenhouse, to compare the effects of ceria nanoparticles (NPs) and Ce3+ ions at 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg Ce kg−1 on plant growth, biological and physiological parameters, and nutritional value of soil‐grown common bean plants. Ceria NPs have a tendency to negatively affect photosynthesis, but the effect is not statistically significant. Ce3+ ionic treatments at 50, 100, and 200 mg Ce kg−1 result in increases of 1.25‐, 0.66‐, and 1.20‐fold in stomatal conductance, respectively, relative to control plants. Both ceria NPs and Ce3+ ions disturb the homeostasis of antioxidant defense system in the plants, but only 200 mg Ce kg−1 ceria NPs significantly induce lipid peroxidation in the roots. Ceria NP treatments tend to reduced fresh weight and to increase mineral contents of the green pods, but have no effect on the organic nutrient contents. On the contrary, Ce3+ ion treatments modify the organic compositions and thus alter the nutritional quality and flavor of the green pods. These results suggest that the two Ce forms may have different mechanisms on common bean plants.

No abstract

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is of high economic importance and has spread rapidly to many European and Asian countries in recent years. LSDV was introduced to China in 2019 and have caused severe outbreaks in several provinces. Here, we detected an LSDV strain (GD01/2020) from a cattle farm with typical LSD symptoms in Guangdong, southern China using a novel quantitative real‐time PCR assay targeting the viral GPCR gene. We obtained the whole genomic sequence of GD01/2020 through metagenomic analysis. The GD01/2020 was highly homologous to the LSDVs isolated in Xinjiang, China in 2019, and distinct from all the LSDVs identified in other countries, in their sequences of GPCR and RPO30 genes. The GD01/2020 was a vaccine‐recombinant strain, but distinct from two recombinant LSDVs identified in Russia. At least 25 putative recombination events between a vaccine strain and a field strain were identified in the genome of GD01/2020, which could affect the virulence and transmissibility of the virus. These results suggested that a virulent vaccine‐recombinant LSDV from an unknown origin was introduced into Xinjiang, China in 2019 and spread to Guangdong, China in 2020.

In this study, we investigated changes of fluorescence parameters, specific growth rate, and relative chlorophyll content (the ratio of the chlorophyll content after salinity exposure to that of the same samples at inoculation) in the two diatoms

Monkeypox has spread unprecedentedly to nearly 100 countries and infected more than 51,000 people since 1 May 2022. This large-scale outbreak constituted a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC), as declared by the World Health Organization. To better recognize and control this outbreak, we explore here through phylogenetic analysis the origins of MPXVs and their strains circulating in 2022, which remain unclear so far. Our results suggest that MPXVs possibly originated from some cowpox viruses and three lineages of MPXVs within Clade IIb circulated in 2022. Our results also suggest that two MPXVs respectively similar to the two MPXVs exported from Nigeria to the USA in 2021, ON676708/USA/2021 and ON676707/USA/2021, evolved into two lineages and sparked the large-scale outbreak in 2022, after their unknown evolutionary and epidemiological journeys possibly in Nigeria, the USA, or other countries before May 2022. This view does not stigmatize any country, because monkeypox is an endemic zoonosis in west Africa with wildlife reservoirs, and its large-scale outbreak in 2022 also resulted from the global decline of population immunity against smallpox due to the cease of vaccination against smallpox decades ago.

Plant growth depends on soil mineral elements, a lack of which results in reduced nutrient accumulation leading to poor growth and resistance in plants. Therefore, more information is needed about the response of Pistacia chinensis Bunge (P. chinensis) seedlings to nutrient deficiency. In this study, we investigated how soil nutrient availability affects the nutrient accumulation and root system of P. chinensis seedlings. Seedlings were cultivated under five different nutrient treatments (500 mg, 400 mg, 300 mg, 200 mg, and 100 mg N). Various indices, including seedling growth, nutrient accumulation and root morphology, were analyzed at the end of the growing season. Nutrient deficiency (300 mg, 200 mg, and 100 mg N) reduced the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in roots and stems, while the nutrient proportion of N, P, and K stored in the roots and root to shoot ratio (R/S) was increased at the end of growing season. Root length, root surface area, and root volume of very fine roots (<0.5 mm in diameter) and coarse roots (>3.0 mm in diameter) of the three lower nutrient treatments were significantly lower than those of the two highest nutrient treatments, while no significant difference was detected in the fine roots (1.0–3.0 mm in diameter). Instead, foliar N and K contents in seedlings treated with the two highest treatments were significantly greater than those of the three lower nutrient treatments, resulting in a greater nutrient loss ratio. However, seedlings treated with 100 mg N had significantly higher foliar P content than those treated with 500 mg. Seedlings treated with 300 mg and 200 mg N did not have restricted root nutrient accumulation but did have reduced nutrient accumulation in the stems. The 100 mg N treatment significantly reduced the root nutrient accumulation of N and K. The 500 mg N treatment did not increase the accumulation of nutrients in the storage organs compared with the 400 mg N treatment, but did increase the loss of N and K due to defoliation in autumn. In conclusion, there is a threshold for nutrient accumulation in storage organs at the nursery stage under a specific environment. P. chinensis seedlings reduced the negative effects of nutrient deficiency by promoting root growth, particularly fine roots, and increasing N and K allocation in storage organs.

The newly established virus family Phenuiviridae in Bunyavirales harbors viruses infecting three kingdoms of host organisms (animals, plants, and fungi), which is rare in known virus families. Many phenuiviruses are arboviruses and replicate in two distinct hosts (e.g., insects and humans or rice). Multiple phenuiviruses, such as Dabie bandavirus, Rift Valley fever phlebovirus, and Rice stripe tenuivirus, are highly pathogenic to humans, animals, or plants.They impose heavy global burdens on human health, livestock industry, and agriculture and are research hotspots. In recent years the taxonomy of Phenuiviridae has been expanded greatly, and researches on phenuiviruses have made significant progress. With these advances, this review drew a novel panorama regarding the biomedical significance, distribution, morphology, genomics, taxonomy, evolution, replication, transmission, pathogenesis, and control of phenuiviruses, to aid researchers in various fields to recognize this highly adaptive and very important virus family.