Origins of monkeypox viruses and their strains circulating in 2022

Chen, Ji Ming; Gong, Huan-Yu; Chen, Rui-Xu; Sun, Minghui; Ji, Yu-Fei; Li, Guohui; Tan, Su-Mei; Sun, Yuliang

doi:10.1101/2022.09.07.506685

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…With the arrival of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Europe, we launched mpx.taxonium.org to allow exploration of an open genomic dataset from LAPIS (Chen, 2022).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonium, a web-based tool for exploring large phylogenetic trees

Sanderson

2022

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a step change in the scale of sequencing data, with more genomes of SARS-CoV-2 having been sequenced than any other organism on earth. Previous web-based tools for phylogenetic exploration were not able to directly scale to this size of tree. We have developed Taxonium, a new tool that uses WebGL to allow the exploration of trees with tens of millions of nodes. Taxonium allows visualisation of mutation-annotated trees, where the genotypes at each internal node are indicated, and also links each node to associated metadata. An optional server-side backend permits rapid loading for widely used datasets, while a client-only mode allows the exploration of niche or sensitive data. Taxonium is an open-source tool which can be applied to any large tree. We provide an application for exploring a public tree of more than five million SARS-CoV-2 sequences at http://cov2tree.org, the broader Taxonium tool at http://taxonium.org, and source code at https://github.com/theosanderson/taxonium.

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“…With the arrival of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Europe, we launched mpx.taxonium.org to allow exploration of an open genomic dataset from LAPIS (Chen, 2022).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Taxonium, a web-based tool for exploring large phylogenetic trees

Sanderson

2022

Preprint

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“…22 Furthermore, MPXVs possibly originated from some cowpox viruses and that three lineages of MPXVs within Clade IIb circulated in 2022. 22 Two MPXVs, respectively similar to the two MPXVs exported from Nigeria to the USA in 2021, evolved into two lineages and sparked the large-scale outbreak in 2022, after their unknown evolutionary and epidemiological journeys, possibly in Nigeria, the USA, or other countries before May 2022. 22 Of known orthopoxviruses except some CPXVs, VACVs are the closest in phylogenetics to MPXVs, and vice versa.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Mpxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Two MPXVs, respectively similar to the two MPXVs exported from Nigeria to the USA in 2021, evolved into two lineages and sparked the large-scale outbreak in 2022, after their unknown evolutionary and epidemiological journeys, possibly in Nigeria, the USA, or other countries before May 2022. 22 Of known orthopoxviruses except some CPXVs, VACVs are the closest in phylogenetics to MPXVs, and vice versa. 22 In transmission routes, MPXVs spread among animals and humans through three routes.…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Mpxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…22 Of known orthopoxviruses except some CPXVs, VACVs are the closest in phylogenetics to MPXVs, and vice versa. 22 In transmission routes, MPXVs spread among animals and humans through three routes. 2,3,6,9,23 : (1) direct close contact (e.g., sexual activity, biting) with infected humans or animals or their wounds, meat, blood, body fluids, or virus-contaminated items; (2) inhalation of respiratory droplets; (3) vertical transmission during pregnancy (Figure 2A).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Mpxmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] Moreover, MPX vaccines have been ready for mass production in some countries, because smallpox vaccines can be directly used for MPX, as suggested by various epidemiological studies and animal experiments, 6,9,10,31 which is also supported by the fact that MPXV and VACV are close to each other in phylogenetics. 6,22 In the Outbreak/2022, unvaccinated people in the USA had 14 times the risk of MPX compared to people who were vaccinated. 3 Unlike vaccination and infection of influenza and COVID-19, vaccination and infection of MPX probably lead to long-term robust immunity.…”

Section: Risk Of the Outbreak/2022mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology-Based Analysis of the Risks and Elimination Strategies of the Monkeypox Outbreak in 2022

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Gong³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and the elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiology. We demonstrated that monkeypox virus became more contagious and less virulent in 2022, which could result from the fact that the virus entered a special transmission network favoring close contacts (i.e., sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men) and/or the possibility that the virus accumulated a few adaptive mutations. We gave the reasons to investigate whether cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are susceptible to monkeypox virus and whether infection of monkeypox virus could be latent in some primates. We listed six potential scenarios about the future of the outbreak (e.g., the outbreak could lead to endemicity outside Africa with increased transmissibility or virulence). We also listed multiple factors aiding or impeding the elimination of the outbreak. We showed that the control measures strengthened worldwide after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) could well control but could not eliminate the outbreak in 2022. We clarified eight strategies, i.e., publicity and education, case isolation, vaccine stockpiling, risk-based vaccination or ring vaccination, importation quarantine, international collaboration, and laboratory management, for the elimination of the outbreak.

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Epidemiology-Based Analysis of the Risks and Elimination Strategies of the Monkeypox Outbreak in 2022

Chen¹,

Chen²,

Gong³

et al. 2022

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human monkeypox, caused by monkeypox virus, has spread unprecedentedly to more than 100 countries since May 2022. Here we summarized the epidemiology of monkeypox through a literature review and elucidated the risks and elimination strategies of this outbreak mainly based on the summarized epidemiology. We demonstrated that monkeypox virus became more contagious and less virulent in 2022, which could result from the fact that the virus entered a special transmission network favoring close contacts (i.e., sexual behaviors of men who have sex with men outside Africa) and the possibility that the virus accumulated a few adaptive mutations. We gave the reasons to investigate whether cattle, goats, sheep, and pigs are susceptible to monkeypox virus and whether infection with monkeypox virus could be latent in some primates. We listed six potential scenarios for the future of the outbreak (e.g., the outbreak could lead to endemicity outside Africa with increased transmissibility or virulence). We also listed multiple factors aiding or impeding the elimination of the outbreak. We showed that the control measures strengthened worldwide after the World Health Organization declared the outbreak a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) could eliminate the outbreak in 2022. We clarified eight strategies, i.e., publicity and education, case isolation, vaccine stockpiling, risk-based vaccination or ring vaccination, importation quarantine, international collaboration, and laboratory management, for the elimination of the outbreak.

show abstract

Origins of monkeypox viruses and their strains circulating in 2022

Cited by 4 publications

References 9 publications

Taxonium, a web-based tool for exploring large phylogenetic trees

Taxonium, a web-based tool for exploring large phylogenetic trees

Epidemiology-Based Analysis of the Risks and Elimination Strategies of the Monkeypox Outbreak in 2022

Epidemiology-Based Analysis of the Risks and Elimination Strategies of the Monkeypox Outbreak in 2022

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