The main purpose of this study was to optimize a β-carotene-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (βC-NLC) using the lipid matrix of palm stearin and palm olein and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The NLC was prepared by using the high shear homogenization method. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process and formulation. A three-factor experimental model was used to optimize the combination of palm stearin ratio (A, %w/w), lipid:surfactant ratio (B, %w/w), and (lipid+surfactant):water ratio (C, %w/w). The formulations were evaluated for their responses on particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (Y4). Subsequently, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (DT-TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release (Franz diffusion cell) analyses were utilized to observe the resulting optimum formulation. The optimum formulation was obtained at a combination of A (5.5:4.5), B (1:4.9), and C (24:76) %w/w. This resulted in βC-NLC having a particle size of 166 nm, polydispersity index of 0.35, zeta potential of −26.9 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 91.2%. No strong interaction between different NLC components was observed based on FTIR, DT-TGA, and XRD profiles. Round-shaped NLC particles were observed under TEM.Franz diffusion cell observation resulted in diffusion profile of β-carotene of 110.6 μg cm −2 with a flux of 1.06 (μg cm −2 hour −1 ). This indicates that palm stearin and palm olein can be prospectively developed as βC-NLC.Keywords β-Carotene Á Nanostructured lipid carriers Á Response surface methodology Á Box-Behnken design J Am Oil Chem Soc (2020) 97: 213-223.
activity of β-carotene loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) from binary mixtures of palm stearin and palm olein, HELIYON, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08913. This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.
Recent years, nanotechnology is still developing in a food science field particularly as a delivery system of micro/macronutrients to enhance food quality. In addition, it can be implemented to be developed as a functional food (Huang,
This study aimed to produce functional food products with the main ingredient of pumpkin and olein fraction of red palm oil (OF-RPO). This research was conducted in two stages. The first was to analyze consumer acceptance where a Completely Randomized Design was used with one factor. The factor was the composition of pumpkin and OF- RPO levelled as follow: 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, and 0:100 (v/v) (v/v). Characteristics of the product were sweet, sour, not b itter, not grassy, and not rancid. The emulsion product contains trans-β-carotene at 141.65±0.47 mg/L, equivalent to 237 UI activity of vitamin A/mL. The content of trans-β-carotene was found at the highest (341.83 mg/L) from the pumpkin juice, while the OF-RPO had the lowest trans-β-carotene content (41.2 mg/L). Product was acidic with a pH of 3.6±0.1 and with vitamin ABSTRAK1Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat produk emulsi pangan kaya karotenoid dengan bahan utama labu kuning dan fraksi olein dari minyak sawit merah (FO-MSM). Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam dua tahap. Tahap pertama ditunjukkan untuk menentukan formulasi terbaik berdasarkan penerimaan konsumen. Penelitian tahap ini dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap satu faktor. Faktor yang digunakan adalah komposisi labu kuning dan 95:5, 90:10, 85:15, 80:20, dan 0:100 (v/v). Pada tahap selanjutnya, dilakukan analisis kimia yang terdiri dari analisis karoten menggunakan HPLC, asam lemak bebas, pH, vitamin C, dan bilangan peroksida. Analisis kimia dilakukan pada produk sari labu terpilih, produk dengan 100 mL labu kuning, produk dengan 100 mL FO-MSM, dan produk tanpa labu dan FO-MSM (kontrol) sebelum dan sesudah masa penyimpanan selama 2 bulan, kecuali untuk analisis HPLC. Panelis memilih satu produk terbaik yaitu komposisi 90 mL labu kuning dan 10 mL FO-MSM yang diencerkan 1:4 (v/v). Karakteristik produk adalah manis, asam, tidak pahit, tidak beraroma mentah, dan tidak beraroma tengik. Produk emulsi tersebut memiliki kandungan trans -β-karoten sebesar 141,65±0,47 mg/L atau setara dengan 237 UI aktivitas vitamin A/mL. Kandungan trans-β-karoten tertinggi (341,83 mg/L) ada pada sari labu kuning, sementara MSM memiliki kandungan trans -β-karoten terendah (41,2 mg/L). Produk bersifat asam dengan pH 3,6±0,1 dengan kandungan vitamin C sebesar 13,2±1,2 mg/100 g produk. Keasaman dan kadar vitamin C cenderung tetap stabil selama masa penyimpanan selama 2 bulan. Bilangan peroksida dari produk emulsi adalah 0,8 mEq oksigen/kg dan bilangan asam lemak bebas berada pada kisaran 1,59-1,73%, juga tidak mengalami perubahan nyata setelah disimpan selama 2 bulan.
Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) adalah sistem pembawa berbasis lipida yang menggunakan kombinasi matriks berupa lipid padat dan cair yang distabilkan dengan penambahan surfaktan. NLC ini dikembangkan untuk memfasilitasi dispersi senyawa bioaktif hidrofobik dalam sistem hidrofilik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan formulasi yang tepat untuk menghasilkan dan mengevaluasi stabilitas NLC yang menggunakan fraksi stearin dan fraksi olein minyak kelapa sawit sebagai lipid padat dan cair serta penambahan surfaktan Tween 80. Tahap pertama penelitian ini adalah membuat formula NLC dengan menggunakan metode High Shear Homogenisasi dan Ultrasonication dengan rasio lipid padat:lipid cair adalah 5:5 sd. 9:1% b/b, rasio lipid:surfaktan sebesar 1:3 sd. 1:5% b/b, dan rasio lipid + surfaktan/air adalah 65, 70, 80 dan 85% b/b. Tahap kedua adalah pengujian stabilitas NLC terhadap sentrifugasi, pemanasan pendinginan, dan penyimpanan pada suhu ruang selama 30 hari. Tahap ketiga yaitu karakterisasi NLC stabil meliputi nilai pH, vikositas, ukuran partikel, indeks polidispersi (PDI), potensial zeta (ZP) dan morfologi NLC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan NLC stabil pada rasio lipid padat:lipid cair sebesar 5:5 sd. 9:1, rasio lipid:surfaktan adalah 1:4 sd.1:5, rasio lipid + surfaktan/air sebesar 65, 70, 75 dan 80%, pH pada kisaran 6,28±0,15 sd. 6,44±0,11, viskositas sebesar 18,17±0,29 sd. 26,83±1,61 cP, ukuran partikel sebesar 164,3±6,6 s.d. 340±2,0 nm, PDI sebesar 0,20±0,01 sd. 0,53±0,01, ZP sebesar (-21,25±0,01) sd. (-33,70±0,44) mV, dan memiliki morfologi bulat. Kesimpulannya, informasi tentang formulasi dan stabilitas NLC sebagai sistem pembawa senyawa bioaktif hidrophobik dapat digambarkan dengan baik. Formulation and Stability of Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Prepared from a Mixture of Palm Stearin and Palm OleinAbstractNanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) is a lipid-based delivery system using a matrix of solid and liquid lipids stabilized with surfactants, developed to facilitate the dispersion of hydrophobic bioactive compounds in hydrophilic systems. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation and stability of the NLC delivery system produced using palm stearin and palm olein as solid and liquid lipids as well as Tween 80 surfactant. As initial research, NLC formulations was done using the High Shear Homogenization and Ultrasonication using the ratio of solid:liquid lipids of 5:5 to 9:1% w/w, ratio lipid:surfactant as much as 1:3 to 1:5% w/w, and lipid+surfactant/water as much as 65, 70, 80 and 85% w/w. The second stage was testing the NLC stability against centrifugation, cooling, heating, and storage at room temperature for up to 30 days. The third stage was characterization of stable NLC i.e. pH, viscosity, particle size, polydispersion index (PDI), potential zeta (ZP), and NLC morphology. The results showed stable NLC at the ratio of solid:liquid lipids as much as 5:5 to 9:1, ratio of lipid:surfactant was 1:4 to 1:5, ratio of lipid+surfactant/water was 65, 70, 75 and 80%, pH value was 6.28±0.15 to 6.44±0.11, viscosity 18.17±0.29 to 26.83±1.61 cP, particle size was 164.3±6.6 to 340±2.0 nm, PDI was 0.20±0.01 to 0.53±0.01, ZP (-21.25±0.01) to (-33.70±0.44) mV, and had spherical morphology. As conclusion, the design of NLC as a delivery system for bioactive compounds was presented succesfully.
Pembengkakan payudara merupakan hambatan dalam pemberian ASI, masalah ini semakin meningkat kejadiannya sehingga diperlukan penanganan yang lebih nyaman bagi ibu dalam mengatasi masalah ini. Diperlukan metode yang efektif dalam mengatasi masalah ini agar ibu dapat memberikan ASI secara eksklusif pada bayinya. Kubis kaya akan kandungan sulfur yang dapat mengurangi pembengkakan dan peradangan payudara. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis efektivitas pemberian kompres daun kubis (brassica oleracea) terhadap skala pembengkakan payudara pada ibu post partum di PMB Endang Kota Kediri. Desain penelitian ini Quasi Experiment dengan desain eksperimen One Group Pratest Posttest. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah 25 ibu postpartum yang mengalami pembengkakan payudara dengan teknik pengambilan sampel Accidental Sampling, alat pengumpulan data menggunakan Checklist six-point engorgement scale dan wawancara singkat. Uji statistik menggunakan Uji Wilcoxon.
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