Application of Response Surface Methodology for the Optimization of β‐Carotene‐Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier from Mixtures of Palm Stearin and Palm Olein

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to optimize a β-carotene-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (βC-NLC) using the lipid matrix of palm stearin and palm olein and Tween 80 as a surfactant. The NLC was prepared by using the high shear homogenization method. Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the process and formulation. A three-factor experimental model was used to optimize the combination of palm stearin ratio (A, %w/w), lipid:surfactant ratio (B, %w/w), and (lipid+surfactant):water ratio (C, %w/w). The formulations were evaluated for their responses on particle size (Y1), polydispersity index (Y2), zeta potential (Y3), and encapsulation efficiency (Y4). Subsequently, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermal (DT-TGA), x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in vitro release (Franz diffusion cell) analyses were utilized to observe the resulting optimum formulation. The optimum formulation was obtained at a combination of A (5.5:4.5), B (1:4.9), and C (24:76) %w/w. This resulted in βC-NLC having a particle size of 166 nm, polydispersity index of 0.35, zeta potential of −26.9 mV, and an encapsulation efficiency of 91.2%. No strong interaction between different NLC components was observed based on FTIR, DT-TGA, and XRD profiles. Round-shaped NLC particles were observed under TEM.Franz diffusion cell observation resulted in diffusion profile of β-carotene of 110.6 μg cm −2 with a flux of 1.06 (μg cm −2 hour −1 ). This indicates that palm stearin and palm olein can be prospectively developed as βC-NLC.Keywords β-Carotene Á Nanostructured lipid carriers Á Response surface methodology Á Box-Behnken design J Am Oil Chem Soc (2020) 97: 213-223.

Carotenoids from Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) Byproducts Exert Photoprotective, Antioxidative and Microbial Anti-Adhesive Effects on HaCaT

“…The flux of PEC carotenoids was similar ot β-carotene over the 0.5-5 h period. A constant release pattern was observed in β-carotene over the 5-24 h period, and it is consistent with previous permeation studies [42]. The carotenoid fluxes of PEC and β-carotene were 8.8 and 6.6 (µg/cm 2 h), respectively.…”

Palm stearin and olein binary mixture incorporated into nanostructured lipids carrier: Improvement food functionality for micronutrient delivery

“…Entrapment efficiency of β‐carotene incorporated into NLC formulation was carried out using a previously reported method along with slight modification (Rohmah, Raharjo, Hidayat, & Martien, 2020). Firstly, β‐carotene loaded NLC was placed into a conical tube and centrifuged at 14,000× g for 30 min.…”

“…Entrapment efficiency of β-carotene incorporated into NLC formulation was carried out using a previously reported method along with slight modification (Rohmah, Raharjo, Hidayat, & Martien, 2020).…”

Bioaccessibility and antioxidant activity of β-carotene loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) from binary mixtures of palm stearin and palm olein

“…In addition, the NLC formulated using combination of PS and PO also improved micronutrient delivery system. (Rohmah, et al, 2020a). The optimal βC-NLC formulation shows an inverse relationship between particle size and efficiency encapsulation of βC.…”