Recently developed organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells combine low-cost fabrication and high power conversion efficiency. Advances in perovskite film optimization have led to an outstanding power conversion efficiency of more than 20%. Looking forward, shifting the focus toward new device architectures holds great potential to induce the next leap in device performance. Here, we demonstrate a perovskite/perovskite heterojunction solar cell. We developed a facile solution-based cation infiltration process to deposit layered perovskite (LPK) structures onto methylammonium lead iodide (MAPI) films. Grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments were performed to gain insights into the crystallite orientation and the formation process of the perovskite bilayer. Our results show that the self-assembly of the LPK layer on top of an intact MAPI layer is accompanied by a reorganization of the perovskite interface. This leads to an enhancement of the open-circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency due to reduced recombination losses, as well as improved moisture stability in the resulting photovoltaic devices.

We tune the Fermi level alignment between the SnO electron transport layer (ETL) and Cs(FAMA)Pb(IBr) and highlight that this parameter is interlinked with current-voltage hysteresis in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Furthermore, thermally stimulated current measurements reveal that the depth of trap states in the ETL or at the ETL-perovskite interface correlates with Fermi level positions, ultimately linking it to the energy difference between the Fermi level and conduction band minimum. In the presence of deep trap states, charge accumulation and recombination at the interface are promoted, affecting the charge collection efficiency adversely, which increases the hysteresis of PSCs.

The most limiting factor for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells is the lack of long-term stability under operating conditions. To examine the intrinsic stability of the perovskite film, we investigated the chemical and electronic properties of methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3) perovskite by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In particular, XPS data were collected under dark conditions, at applied voltage, under illumination, at open circuit, and under operating conditions. In addition, operation in ambient air atmosphere was analysed by XPS. It was observed that the chemical properties of methylammonium lead triiodide change upon illumination under open-circuit condition by formation of metallic lead species and then by conversion into PbI2 due to evaporation of the organic compounds. These changes, however, can be restricted by applying an extraction voltage to the device contacts that will extract the photogenerated charges from the absorber. As these results were obtained in vacuum, i.e., in an inert atmosphere, experiments prove that the photogenerated charge carriers intrinsically induce changes in chemical and electronic properties if they are not extracted from the absorber. By illuminating CH3NH3PbI3 in ambient air, the metallic lead species react with oxygen and form lead oxides and lead complexes, which passivate the film and remove the in-gap states.

High power conversion efficiency (PCE) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) rely on optimal alignment of the energy bands between the perovskite absorber and the adjacent charge extraction layers. However, since most of the materials and devices of high performance are prepared by solution‐based techniques, a deposition of films with thicknesses of a few nanometers and therefore a detailed analysis of surface and interface properties remains difficult. To identify the respective photoactive interfaces, photoelectron spectroscopy measurements are performed on device stacks of methylammonium‐lead‐iodide (MAPI)‐based PSCs in classical and inverted architectures in the dark and under illumination at open‐circuit conditions. The analysis shows that vacuum‐deposited MAPI perovskite absorber layers are n‐type, independent of the architecture and of the charge transport layer that it is deposited on (n‐type SnO2 or p‐type NiOx). It is found that the majority of the photovoltage is formed at the n‐MAPI/p‐HEL (hole extraction layer) junction for both architectures, highlighting the importance of this interface for further improvement of the photovoltage and therefore also the PCE. Finally, an experimentally derived band diagram of the completed devices for the dark and the illuminated case is presented.

The surface, interface, and bulk properties are a few of the most critical factors that influence the performance of perovskite solar cells. The photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is used as a technique to analyze these properties. However, the information depth of PES is limited to 10–20 nm, which makes it not suitable to study the complete devices, which have a thickness of ∼1 μm. Here, we introduce a novel and simple technique of PES on a tapered cross section (TCS-PES). It provides both lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the conventional PES so that it is suitable to study a complete perovskite solar cell. It offers many benefits over conventional PES methods such as the chemical composition in the micrometer scale from the surface to the bulk and the electronic properties at the multiple interfaces. The chemical natures of different layers of the perovskite-based solar cells [(FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15] can be identified precisely for the first time using the TCS-PES method. We found that the perovskite layer has higher iodine concentration at the Spiro/perovskite interface and higher bromine concentration at the TiO2/perovskite interface. UPS measurements on the tapered cross section revealed that the perovskite is n-type, and the solar cell studied here is a p-n-n structure type device. The unique possibilities to analyze the complete solar cell by XPS and UPS allow us to estimate the band bending in a working solar cell. Moreover, this technique can further be used to study the device under operating conditions, and it can be applied in other solid-state devices like solid electrolyte Li-ion batteries, LEDs, or photoelectrodes.

The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand the method of spacial resolved photoemission spectroscopy on small angle tapered cross‐sections (TCS) of complete devices is introduced to analyze simultaneously the chemical and electronic structure. On the other hand, a specific working principle of the analyzed cell type is revealed. Solar cells of 18% efficiency are prepared from a single precursor (FAPbI3)0.85(MAPbBr3)0.15 with excess of 15% PbI2. It is shown that TCS‐phototoelectron spectroscopy allows to determine the chemical composition as well as the potential distribution across the full device in the dark and in operation. The energy converting contact is the hole extraction back contact. Interestingly the photopotential in the analyzed cell type is predominantly created within the hole extraction layer and not in the n‐doped perovskite absorber. With the addition of measured core level to valence band maximum positions of the respective layers, TCS line scans lead to the band diagram for the full device. In addition, depth variations of the chemical composition are found: the bromide concentration increases while the iodide concentration is reduced near and within the mesoporous TiO2 layer.

We have studied the electronic structure of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) and CH3NH3SnI3 (MASI) perovskite films by performing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements on in situ grown perovskite films.

Unexpected band bending at the Au/MAPbI3interface induced by the trapping of holes.