Background The global development of innovative antimicrobial drugs and drug design techniques has been necessitated by the persistent increase of multidrug resistant infections. Regardless of advances in technology for detecting pathogenic bacteria and their resistance genes (DNA-based assays), most bacteriological studies of infections still use conventional cultural techniques and susceptibility testing as reference standards. Commonly used conventional assays such as the disc diffusion test and broth micro-dilution have been effective in defining pathogen susceptibility and determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of antimicrobial agents. However, they are still prone to error and time consuming, hence, not sufficient in the face of the urgent need for answers to sporadic worldwide disease maladies. Main body In this review, we describe a developing but promising method for gauging/measuring the amount of energy released when a cell is actively metabolizing, which may then be used to calculate the bacterial cell's growth rate. The isothermal microcalorimetry (IMC) calscreener translate heat production of cellular metabolism which is pertinent to the operation of all biological life in demonstrating a more advanced technique for drug design and discovery, especially in the area of pathogen-specific chemotherapy. Conclusion The IMC calscreener technology is sacrosanct in establishing the heat levels in microwatt to read the metabolic kinematics of biological specimens with emphasis on medically-relevant bacteria within a closed scheme. The application of this technology also looks promising in antimicrobial chemotherapy and metal recovery.
Introduction: Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) is a significant pharmacological plant and regularly used in different parts of the world. The antibacterial activity of the methanol leaf extract of A. paniculata against bacterial consortia from blood of diabetic patients was evaluated in this study. Methods: The enumeration of bacteria from blood samples of diabetic patients and their antibiotic sensitivity pattern were done using standard techniques. The phytochemical analysis of A. paniculata methanol extract and antibacterial assay of the extract were also done using standard methods. Results: Staphylococcus aureus had the highest occurring rate of 19.56 % while Klebsiella pneumoniae had the lowest occurring rate of 0.40 %. The isolates exhibited different sensitivity patterns to conventional antibiotics. There were variations in the zones of inhibition of A. paniculata methanol extract against the bacterial isolates as extract showed concentration was dependent on antibacterial activity with all the bacterial isolates susceptible to the extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml) of the A. paniculata methanol extract ranged from 5 mg/ml to 10 mg/ml while the minimum bactericidal concentration (mg/ml) of the bacteria isolated from diabetic patients ranged from 10 mg/ml to 20 mg/ml. Conclusion: Findings revealed that the methanol leaf extract of A. paniculata very strong antibacterial activity for a wide range of bacteria from blood samples of diabetic patients and more reliable than commercially available antibiotics hence suggesting that leaves of A. paniculata can be used to develop novel antibacterial drugs.
Abstract. Babayemi OO, Oke EA, Bayode MT. 2021. Antibacterial activity of Jatropha tanjorensis leaf extracts against bacteria associated with wound infections from the clinical setting. Nusantara Bioscience 13: 260-267. The use of microbial agents to treat infectious wounds based on ethnobotanical knowledge is still minimal. Antibacterial activity of Jatropha tanjorensis J.L.Ellis & Saroja leaf crude extracts and commercial antibiotics were evaluated against bacterial isolates associated with wound samples using agar well diffusion and disc diffusion techniques, respectively. Phytochemical analysis of the sections was carried out using standard methods. Saponin (58 mg/g) was the highest phytochemical in the methanol extract while flavonoid (0.1 mg/g) was the lowest percentage in the coldwater extract. Methanol extract had had the highest Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) of 33 mm against Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive, while the lowest ZOI (5 mm) against S. aureus coagulase-positive was obtained from cold water extract. Methanol extract resulted in the highest ZOI ranging from 16 mm to 17 mm against Escherichia coli while the lowest ZOI was obtained from coldwater extract (3-4 mm). The highest Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value of all extracts (100 mg/mL) was obtained against P. aeruginosa while the lowest MIC value was obtained against coagulase-positive S. aureus (12.5 mg/mL). All extracts contain Octadecanoic acid, n-hexadecanoic acid, and phytol. The study's outcome revealed that methanol extract had the highest inhibitory activity against bacteria isolated from wound samples compared to other crude extracts and ciprofloxacin. Jatropha tanjorensis could be used as a potent herbal remedy to reduce the adverse effects of wound infection.
Introduction: Moringa oleifera seed is a bio-flocculant liable to purify water and verified to be one of the generally efficient prime coagulants for water treatment. M. oleifera seeds also have the potentials to eliminate a broad variety of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, B. cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter ludwigii, from domestic wastewater. Objective: The comparative bio-flocculating ability and antimicrobial activities of powdered Moringa oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewater from a university student’ hostels were explored. Methods: Collection of wastewater samples, physicochemical analysis of wastewater samples and treatment of the wastewater samples with powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum were conducted using standard techniques. Enumeration and identification of bacteria using biochemical depiction and (16S RNA) with fungi after treatment were employed via standard protocols. Results: The optimum pH obtained using powdered M. oleifera seeds was 6.00 – 7.38 and in line with the recommended WHO standard. This study revealed that the bacterial count in wastewater samples of Jibowu and Abiola hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (199.67±0.89 CFU/ml); low (26.00±0.57 CFU/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (87.00±0.57 CFU/ml); low (6.33±0.57 CFU/ml) for alum respectively. The fungal count of the wastewater samples for Akindeko and Jibowu hostels after treatment with 2g of powdered M. oleifera seeds and 6g of alum was high (26.00±0.57 Sfu/ml); low (5.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for powdered M. oleifera seeds and high (19.00±0.58 Sfu/ml); low (2.00±0.57 Sfu/ml) for alum respectively. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis with NCBI-certified B. cereus mkbk1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa mkbk 2 and Enterobacter ludwigii mkbk 3 were isolated from the wastewater samples. Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that the bio-flocculating ability of powdered M. oleifera seeds accentuated better antimicrobial efficacy of M. oleifera over alum as a proviso to the blend of powdered M. oleifera seeds and alum for the treatment of domestic wastewaters.
Aim: The prevalence, sensitivity profile and resistance of Gram-positive bacteria in wounds to commercial antibiotics were ascertained in this study. Place and duration of study: University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, Akure, Nigeria, between January and June 2019. Methodology: Wound swabs sample collection, isolation of bacteria, identification of Gram-positive bacteria isolates and antibiotics sensitivity testing of isolated bacteria were determined employing standard protocols. Result: Three Gram-positive bacteria were isolated and presumptively identified to be S. aureus, S. epidermidis and S. pyogenes. S. aureus had the highest prevalence of 53% followed by S. epidermidis with 42% and S. pyogenes accounting for the least occurrence of 5%. Ninety percent (90%) of ten S. aureus strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin while only 10% had intermediate activity. The least resistance of S. aureus strains was against pefloxacin (40%), while to streptomycin, 87.5% of eight S. epidermidis strains were resistant and 12.5% had intermediate sensitivity. Susceptibility was observed in S. epidermidis against pefloxacin (12.5%) while 50% had intermediate sensitivity and 37.5% were resistant. The highest zone of inhibition of S. epidermidis was observed in strain 7 against pefloxacin (16.00±1.00 mm) and in S. aureus by strain 5 against pefloxacin (16.50±2.50 mm). Conclusion: Pefloxacin-sensitive Staphylococcus and Streptococcus species from wound swabs could become resistant overtime and this calls for incessant vigilance on Gram-positive wound bacteria antibiotic-susceptibility appraisal particularly in an antibiotics-abuse setting.
Background: Virulence is the extent of pathogenicity displayed by majority of pathogens and yardstick that efficiently distinguishes pathogenic and non-pathogenic organisms. Effects of pH, temperature and incubation period were studied on capsulepositive bacteria isolated from Onyearugbulem stream, Akure. Methods: Water samples from Onyearugbulem stream in Akure was collected in sterile 500ml sample bottles. Water samples obtained from the stream were subjected to microbiological analysis. Implicated bacteria were tested for haemolysis and virulence determination via blood agar (5% v/v) and for the presence of capsule using India ink. ß-haemolytic bacteria were subjected to different temperature (15 °C -60 °C) and pH (6.0 -9.0) ranges. pH conditions were achieved by the addition of 0.01M NaOH and 0.01M HCl to media before sterilization. The zones of clearance (mm) were measured at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Results: Proteus penneri showed the highest haemolytic activity (56 mm) at 28 °C after a duration of 72 h. Bacillus cereus showed the highest haemolytic activity (52 mm) at pH 8.5, after 72 h Dye degradation was optimum at 10 to 12 h at 37 °C which showed the haemolytic bacterial organisms were capsule-positive. Conclusion: The findings in this study revealed that bacteria present in Onyearugbulem stream contained virulent factors with highest activity at ambient temperature (28 °C) which indicate the poor quality of the stream and thereby constitute serious health threat to man and animals.
Background: Hospital wastewaters contain blends of inorganic, natural constituents and contaminants that carry significant health risk when released directly into the environment. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters generated in University of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital complex, Akure, Nigeria.Methodology: Quantification of faecal indicator bacteria was carried out on diarrheagenic faecal samples collected from 55 hospitalized patients and 68 wastewater samples from the medical laboratory science and laundry units of the hospital over of period of 12 weeks. Standard membrane filtration technique was performed using membrane intestinal enterococcus (m-ENT), membrane faecal coliform (m-FC), membrane lauryl sulphate (MLSA), eosin methylene blue (EMB) and Salmonella-Shigella (SS) agar plates, which were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours (MLSA, EMB and SSA), 44ºC for 24 hours (m-FC); and 37ºC for 48 hours (m-ENT). Bacterial colonies on agar plates were counted and expressed as colony forming units (CFU) per 100ml of diarrheagenic stool and wastewater. Pearson’scorrelation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the level of faecal indicator bacteria in diarrheagenic stools and wastewaters at p<0.05 level of significance (and 95% confidence interval).Results: The faecal coliform counts (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 1.18 to 1.54 in diarrheagenic stools, 1.32 to1.64 in laboratory wastewater and 1.08 to 2.19 in laundry wastewater. Escherichia coli count (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 1.08 to 1.40 in diarrheagenic stools, 1.20 to 1.86 in laboratory wastewater and 0.30 to 1.81 in laundry wastewater. Intestinal enterococci count (log 10 CFU/100ml) ranged from 0 to 0.30 in diarrheagenic stools, 0.78 to 0.90 in laboratory wastewaters and 0.48 to 1.11 in laundry wastewaters. Pearson’s correlation co-efficient showed that all the faecal indicator bacteria count in diarrheagenic faecal samples exhibited positive correlation with those in laboratory wastewaters, but not with those from laundry wastewaters.Conclusion: The findings suggest that diarrheagenic stools should be properly disinfected after the performance of laboratory tests to prevent transmission of potential pathogens, and wastewater generated from hospitals should be treated prior to discharge into the environment, to prevent possible infections in the community. Keywords: Correlation, faecal indicator bacteria, public health, transmission, wastewater
Background: Throat infections are one of the commonest causes for visits to health care physicians. It was hypothesized that some rare Gram negative bacteria could be implicated in respiratory infections. The molecular dynamics of clinically-significant Gram negative bacteria associated with lower respiratory tract infections was also ascertained. This study investigated the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacteria associated with throat infections in a hospital setting. Methods: Two hundred and five (205) throat swabs were collected from patients at the study area. Bacterial isolates were identified based on their morphological and biochemical profile. The molecular identity of selected multidrug resistant bacterial isolates was conducted via DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, sequencing and genome blasting. Antibiotic susceptibility of the test bacterial isolates was evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: The highest frequency of carriers of throat pathogens was obtained among male patients between ages 31 and 40 years. Streptococcus pneumoniae (28%) had the highest prevalence while Escherichia coli (4%) had the least. One of the enumerated Enterobacter species from the samples was further identified via 16S ribosomal ribose-nucleic acid (rRNA) as Enterobacter bugandensis MH712497.1. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes were resistant to gentamicin whilst both Gram-negative bacteria were susceptible to ciprofloxacin at 21.00±0.58 mm and 20.00±0.58 mm respectively. Conclusion: This study deduced that Streptococcus species is most implicated bacteria responsible for throat infections in clinical setting. Molecularly-identified Enterobacter bugandensis from throat infections in this study has recently being implicated as a fresh enterobacteria associated with severe clinically-significant infection.
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