This general reduction in the size of the CC except for the rostrum was thought to be the result of cortical atrophy secondary to the disease. Concerning the preserved rostral part of the CC, it was thought that the fibers of the frontal lobe pass through different pathways than the tracts in the rostrum.
Background In the preauricular region, the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve is vulnerable to injury, which can result in facial palsy and poor cosmesis, during various surgical interventions. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the variations in branching patterns of the frontotemporal branch and its relation to the surrounding anatomical landmarks. Based on our findings we propose a Danger Zone and Safe Zones for preauricular interventions to avoid frontal branch injury. Methods Twenty cadaveric half-heads, 10 freshly frozen and 10 embalmed, were dissected. The anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve, facial nerve, and variations of its branching pattern in the preauricular region were investigated. Results The average number of frontotemporal branches crossing the zygomatic arch was 2.05 ± 0.6 (mean ± standard deviation). Beginning from the X point at the apex of the intertragal notch, frontal branches ran over the zygomatic arch at a distance extending from 10 to 31 mm anterior to the tragus, which can be defined as the “Danger Zone” for frontal branches. Safe Zones A and B are the triangular regions located behind and in front of the Danger Zone, respectively. Conclusions The mapping of the triangular Safety and Danger Zones is a reliable and simple approach in preauricular interventions to avoid frontal branch injury as the facial nerve typically has multiple frontal branches. This approach provides practical information to surgeons rather than estimating the trajectory of a single frontal branch by using Pitanguy’s line.
Background/aim: The localization of the standard posterior portal of shoulder arthroscopy and landmarks mentioned in the literature are unclear. The purpose of this prospective cadaveric study was to determine the localization of the standard posterior portal and its distance to the neural structures. Materials and methods:One fresh frozen and 10 formalin-fixed adult cadaveric shoulders were dissected. In the beach chair position, a 5-mm trocar was placed anteroposteriorly from the superior edge of the subscapularis muscle, superior to the tip of the coracoid process and tangent to the glenoid. The relevant distances of the posterior exit point were measured.Results: In all specimens, the exit point was a triangular fibrous area, between the posterior and lateral parts of the deltoid. Medial and inferior distances of the trocar to the posterolateral tip of the acromion were 1.88 ± 0.53 cm and 1.35 ± 0.34 cm and distances to the axillary and suprascapular nerves were 4.54 ± 1.08 cm and 2.54 ± 0.85 cm, respectively. Conclusion:The most important finding of this study was the superficial localization of the soft spot between the posterior and lateral parts of deltoid.
Background: Lateral pterygoid muscle activity is associated with the pathological mechanisms of some temporomandibular disorders. The authors aimed to define and demonstrate a novel, practical, and safe technique for botulinum toxin type A injection to the lateral pterygoid muscle based on their findings. Their secondary aims were to standardize the injection pattern according to the variations of the lateral pterygoid muscle and its surrounding anatomical structures, and to establish its advantages over intraoral injection. Methods: Twenty cadaver heads were dissected. The lateral pterygoid muscle and its surrounding structures were investigated for anatomical variations. Based on these findings, a standardized extraoral injection protocol was defined and compared with the intraoral technique for accuracy and safety. Results: The average depth of the lateral pterygoid plate from the skin surface was 49.9 ± 2.2 mm, and the mean width of the lateral pterygoid plate was 10.5 ± 3.9 mm. The extraoral injection approach based on the location of the maxillary tuberosity, tragus, and lateral pterygoid plate was consistent in all dissections for the accuracy of the intramuscular injection. In the intraoral approach, standardization of the entry point of the needle through the oral mucosa is difficult, which makes adjustment of the depth of the injection challenging while increasing the risk of neurovascular injury. Conclusions:The clinical significance of the lateral pterygoid muscle makes it worthwhile to implement minimally invasive treatments before considering more invasive options. The authors define a safe, accurate, and reliable approach with ease of administration in patients with temporomandibular disorders.
Aim: The traumas of the talocrural joint are very common in population. Therefore; the anatomy and morphometry of this joint has a great importance. The aim of this study was to examine the morphometry of talocrural joint in large series of patients according to age and sex in order to add some new knowledge to the literature. At the same time, according to the results of the research, it is aimed to give a way for field-specific prosthesis production to the prosthetic producers. Material and Method: In this study; the talocrural joint radiographs of 274 anatomically normal patients (134 males, 140 females) were examined. The morphometric measurements of the defined parameters were done and their statistical analysis were performed according to age and sex. As far as we know, from our parameters; the mediolateral diameter of tibia (TML), the mediolateral diameter of fibula (FML), surface area of trochlea tali (TTA) and SIGMA angles were firstly defined in this study. Additionally; the innermost distance of talocrural joint (ATI), the outermost distance of talocrural joint (ATD), the angles in between the medial malleolus and talus (DELTA), the lateral malleolus and talus (ALFA) and the sagittal length of trochlea tali (TSU) were also measured. Results: In the comparison of TML, FML, TTA, ATI, ATD measurement sand ALFA angle in both sexes; they were found to be higher in males than in females. However; TSU and SIFGMA angle were found to be higher in females, when compared with males. The DELTA angle was nearly the same in both sexes. Conclusion: These morphometric analyses were performed in a huge number of anatomically normal patients' radiographs and therefore; we believe that the study will add a new knowledge to the literature, will help to the clinicians who are interested in the ankle joint and will be useful for the companies who are working on implant technology.
Objective: Mastoid process is the downward projection from the mastoid part of the temporal bone located posteroinferior to external auditory meatus. Mastoid process is a palpable bony structure which enables to determine the location of asterion. The aim of this study is to define details of mastoid process anatomy to enlighten surgeons, anatomists, anthropologists and forensic experts.
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