Background In the preauricular region, the frontotemporal branch of the facial nerve is vulnerable to injury, which can result in facial palsy and poor cosmesis, during various surgical interventions. Objectives The purpose of this study was to describe the variations in branching patterns of the frontotemporal branch and its relation to the surrounding anatomical landmarks. Based on our findings we propose a Danger Zone and Safe Zones for preauricular interventions to avoid frontal branch injury. Methods Twenty cadaveric half-heads, 10 freshly frozen and 10 embalmed, were dissected. The anatomy of the auriculotemporal nerve, facial nerve, and variations of its branching pattern in the preauricular region were investigated. Results The average number of frontotemporal branches crossing the zygomatic arch was 2.05 ± 0.6 (mean ± standard deviation). Beginning from the X point at the apex of the intertragal notch, frontal branches ran over the zygomatic arch at a distance extending from 10 to 31 mm anterior to the tragus, which can be defined as the “Danger Zone” for frontal branches. Safe Zones A and B are the triangular regions located behind and in front of the Danger Zone, respectively. Conclusions The mapping of the triangular Safety and Danger Zones is a reliable and simple approach in preauricular interventions to avoid frontal branch injury as the facial nerve typically has multiple frontal branches. This approach provides practical information to surgeons rather than estimating the trajectory of a single frontal branch by using Pitanguy’s line.
The aim of this study is to contribute to sex determination studies from the scapula in the Turkish population and compare with previous studies. This study was performed with 200 scapulae (100 males and 100 females). The age range of the patients was between 18-93 years old. Computed tomography scans were used and length of glenoid cavity (LGC), breadth of glenoid cavity (BGC), depth of glenoid cavity (DGC), perimeter (PM) and volume (VL) were measured. Randomly selected 20 scapulae were measured three times for examine the intra-rater reliability from those measurements. Gender logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the significant variables at sex determination from the scapula. The most effective parameter in determining sex from scapula was found to be VL (88.5%). The effects of LGC, PM, BGC and DGC at sex determination from scapula were found to be 83%, 82.5%, 79.5%, 66%, respectively. The combination of VL and PM (89.5%) was found to be the most effective combination at sex determination from the scapula. The intraclass correlation values of all measurements were found to be at high reliability. According to the literature, PM and DGC along with the VL in Turkish population, were not used previously for sex determination from the scapula. A combination of the VL and PM was found to be the most effective parameters at sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. There are few studies on the sex determination from scapula in the Turkish population. This study will guide anthropologists, forensic scientists and anatomists at sex determination studies from scapula and surgeons by morphometrically in clinical situations related to the scapula.
The aim of this study is to reveal the morphometry of the mental nerve to describe a safe zone for minimizing mental nerve damage during transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy-vestibular approach (TOETVA). This study was performed on 12 cadavers. Localization of mental foramen according to teeth, distances of buccogingival sulcus-lip (BG-L), mental foramen-midline (MF-Midline), mental foramen -buccogingival sulcus (MF -BG), commissure -branching point (Cm -Br), branching point -vertical projection of branching point on lower lip (Br -LVP), vertical projection of branching point on lower lip -commissure (LVP -Cm), commissure -midline (Cm -midline), angles of mental (AM), angular (AA) and labial branches (AL) and branching patterns were recorded. Type 1 was mostly found as branching pattern in this study (45.8 %). A new branching pattern (type 9) was found on one cadaver. Mental foramen was mostly located at level of second premolar teeth. According to morphometric results of this study; superolateral to course of angular branch and infero-medial to course of mental branch of mental nerve on lower lip after exiting the mental foramen were described as safe zones during surgery for preserving mental nerve and its branches.
Objective: The talus is the most proximal of the tarsal bones that establish the connection between the leg and foot, supporting the body weight and allowing it to be distributed distally. In this study, it is aimed to reveal the morphometric measurements of talus. Methods: A total of 87 dry talus (51 left, 36 right) were examined. We have classified the tali according to their facets. In addition 16 parameters were measured including, anterior-posterior length (APL), transverse width (TW), sulcus tali length (STL), sulcus tali width (STW), sulcus tali depth (STD), trochlea length (TTL), trochlea width (TTW), medial articular facet width (MAFW), medial articular facet height (MAFH), lateral articular facet width (LAFW), lateral articular facet height (LAFH), sulcus for flexor hallucis longus muscle width (FHW), sulcus depth (FHD), talar head height (THH), talar head width (THW) and talus height (TH). Results: Most of the tali were in type B2 (75.9%). We have measured APL 54.46±4.81 mm, TW 40.54±3.35 mm, STL 19.44±2.58 mm, STW 5.98±1.20 mm, STD 5.96±1.55 mm, TTL 32.91±3.01 mm, TTW 28.25±3.11 mm, MAFW 29.62±3.37 mm, MAFH 13.53±1.64 mm, LAFW 27.61±3.35 mm, LAFH 25.70±2.57 mm, FHW 7.26±1.66 mm, FHD 3.35±1.00 mm, THH 26.22±3.10 mm, THW 24.96±3.47 mm and TH 30.70±3.14 mm. Conclusion: Knowing the normal anatomy of the talus is important in preventing possible complications during surgical interventions applied to this area.
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the notch and shape variations of the glenoid cavity (GC), to emphasize its clinical importance, and compare it with the previous studies. Material and Methods: This study was performed with 157 (78 right sides, 79 left sides) adult Anatolian dry scapulae. The GCs were typed as oval, pear, and inverted comma shaped and noted the number of GC notch. Results: The most common GC shape was found as the pear shaped with 63 (80.8%) at the right side, 49 (62%) at the left side, and 112 (71.4%) in total. The second most common GC shape was found as oval shaped with 13 (16.6%) at the right side, 28 (35.5%) at the left side, and 41 (26.1%) in total. The glenoid notch was found at the right side, left side, and totally; 28 (35.9%), 19 (24.1%), and 47 (29.9%), respectively. All of the inverted comma shaped GCs had distinct glenoid notch, while the oval shaped GCs not. The pear shaped GCs had indistinct glenoid notch or no glenoid notch. The glenoid notch was found at the right side, left side, and totally on the pear shaped GC; 26 (41.3%), 17 (34.7%), and 43 (38.4%), respectively. Conclusion: Pear shaped GC was found as the most (71.4%) common shape in this study. Forty-seven (29.9%) of the scapulae had a glenoid notch. The notch and shape variations of the GC are important and this study will contribute to anatomists, orthopedists, and radiologists from this perspective.
Objective: The aim of this study is to reveal the morphological and morphometric features of the acetabulum and to compare them with the current literature. Materials and Methods: A total of 57 coxae (29 left, 28 right) were examined. The anterior ridge of the acetabulum was classified as curved, straight, angular, and irregular according to its morphological features and the transverse diameter of the acetabulum (TD), the vertical diameter of the acetabulum (VD), the anteroposterior diameter of the acetabulum (APD), acetabular depth (AD), acetabular notch width (ANW) and os coxae height (CH) were measured. Results: The types of the anterior ridge of the acetabulum were found as 19 (33.3%) straight, 18 (31.6%) curved, 14 (24.6%) angular, and 6 (10.5%) irregular in shape. The mean values of the TD, VD, APD, ANW, AD and CH were 50.67±3.12 mm, 52.21±3.52 mm, 52.66±3.73 mm, 22.64±2.67 mm, 29.75±2.28 mm and 206.33±11.70 mm respectively. No significant difference was found between the right and left coxae in terms of the measured parameters (p>0.05). There was only a difference between the shapes and the depth of the acetabulum (p
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