Renewable energy is in high demand for a balanced ecosystem. There are different types of energy storage systems available for long-term energy storage , lithium-ion battery is one of the most powerful and being a popular choice of storage . This review paper discusses various aspects of lithium-ion batteries based on a review of 420 published research papers at the initial stage through 101 published research articles that have been finally reviewed. This review paper focuses on several topics, including electrical vehicle (EV) systems, energy management systems, challenges and issues , and the conclusions and recommendations for future work. EV systems discuss all components that are included in producing the lithium-ion battery. The energy storage section contains the batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, hybrid storage , power, temperature, and heat management . Energy management systems consider battery monitoring for current and voltage, battery charge-discharge control, estimation and protection, cell equalization. This paper's challenges and issues discuss some of the critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries, including temperature and safety, life-cycle and memory effects, environmental effects, and recycling processes. The conclusion and recommendation of this paper indicate the future scope of research. This review paper can provide the lithium-ion battery's insight, overall synopsis and contribution, and further research directions to the EV system .

The prominent electric vehicle technology, energy storage system, and voltage balancing circuits are most important in the automation industry for the global environment and economic issues. The energy storage system has a great demand for their high specific energy and power, high-temperature tolerance, and long lifetime in the electric vehicle market. For reducing the individual battery or super capacitor cell-damaging change, capacitive loss over the charging or discharging time and prolong the lifetime on the string, the cell balancing is compulsory. The electric vehicles drive train architecture, overall applicable energy storage system, and the balancing circuit categories as cell-to-heat, cell-to-cell, cell-to-pack, pack-to-cell, and cell-to-pack-to-cell are reviewed. The comparative study has shown the different key factors of market available electric vehicles, different types of energy storage systems, and voltage balancing circuits. The study will help the researcher improve the high efficient energy storage system and balancing circuit that is highly applicable to the electric vehicle. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, the energy storage system (ESS) is becoming very popular in electric vehicle (EV), micro grid, and renewable energy applications. Last few decades, EV became popular and considered a suitable alternative for an internal combustion engine (ICE). ICE vehicles, trains, cargos, including aircraft, are consumed one-third of fossil fuel. In the transportation sector, 1% used electricity, 2% used bio-fuel, 3% used natural gas, and 94% of vehicle used oil [1]. It is proved that ICE and industries are the significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon mono oxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO). These gases have polluted the environment and the reason for greenhouse effects. In the EV system, ESS is supplied the electric power to drive the motor and other functions such as air-condition, navigation light and so forth. On the drivingThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.time, EV does not make eminent the CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO gas that will help solve the fossil fuel and environment issues for this EV called zero-carbon emission vehicle [2,3]. Whole over the world, there are more than 5 million EVs have been marked (energy revolution). EVs sales market reached 2% in the USA, 3% in Portugal, 5% in China, 7% in Ireland, 8% in the Netherland, and 2019 more than 50% of new EV soled in Norway. In 2015, the number of passenger EV was 450,000 after that the demand for EVs ware rapidly increased and the number of passenger EV is 2.1 million in 2019 [4,5]. Day by day, the demand for EV is increased rapidly in China and Europe. Furthermore, the whole over the world takes the challenge to reduce global warming and greenhouse gas by increasing the use of EV to substitute ICE vehicles. Many states and countries make policies to adopt...

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At present, green technology is a major concern in every country around the world and electricity is a clean energy which encourages the acquisition of this technology. The main applications of electricity are made through the use of electric motors. Electric power is converted to mechanical energy using a motor, that is to say, the major applications of electrical energy are accomplished through electric motors. Brushless direct current (BLDC) motors have become very attractive in many applications due to its low maintenance costs and compact structure. The BLDC motors can be substituted to make the industries more dynamic. To get better performance BLDC motor requires control drive facilitating to control its speed and torque. This paper describes the design of the BLDC motor control system using in using MATLAB/SIMULINK software for Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) algorithm that can more effectively improve the speed control of these types of motors. The purpose of the paper is to provide an overview about the functionality and design of the PID controller. Finally, the study undergoes some well-functioning tests that will support that the PID regulator is far more applicable, better operational, and effective in achieving satisfactory control performance compared to other controllers.

Research on unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) became popular because of remote flight access and cost-effective solution. 3-degree of freedom (3-DOF) unmanned helicopters is one of the popular research UAV, because of its high load carrying capacity with a smaller number of motor and requirement of forethought motor control dynamics. Various control algorithms are investigated and designed for the motion control of the 3DOF helicopter. Three-degree-of-freedom helicopter model configuration presents the same advantages of 3-DOF helicopters along with increased payload capacity, increase stability in hover, manoeuvrability and reduced mechanical complexity. Numerous research institutes have chosen the three-degree-of-freedom as an ideal platform to develop intelligent controllers. In this research paper, we discussed about a hybrid controller that combined with Adaptive and Quantitative Feedback theory (QFT) controller for the 3-DOF helicopter model. Though research on Adaptive and QFT controller are not a new subject, the first successful single Adaptive aircraft flight control systems have been designed for the U.S. Air Force in Wright Laboratories unmanned research vehicle, Lambda [1]. Previously researcher focused on structured uncertainties associated with controller for the flight conditions theoretically. The development of simulationbased design on flight control system response, opened a new dimension for researcher to design physical flight controller for plant parameter uncertainties. At the beginning, our research was to investigates the possibility of developing the QFT combined with Adaptive controller to control a single pitch angle that meets flying quality conditions of automatic flight control. Finally, we successfully designed the hybrid controller that is QFT based adaptive controller for all the three angles.

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