A review: Energy storage system and balancing circuits for electric vehicle application

Abstract

The prominent electric vehicle technology, energy storage system, and voltage balancing circuits are most important in the automation industry for the global environment and economic issues. The energy storage system has a great demand for their high specific energy and power, high-temperature tolerance, and long lifetime in the electric vehicle market. For reducing the individual battery or super capacitor cell-damaging change, capacitive loss over the charging or discharging time and prolong the lifetime on the string, the cell balancing is compulsory. The electric vehicles drive train architecture, overall applicable energy storage system, and the balancing circuit categories as cell-to-heat, cell-to-cell, cell-to-pack, pack-to-cell, and cell-to-pack-to-cell are reviewed. The comparative study has shown the different key factors of market available electric vehicles, different types of energy storage systems, and voltage balancing circuits. The study will help the researcher improve the high efficient energy storage system and balancing circuit that is highly applicable to the electric vehicle. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, the energy storage system (ESS) is becoming very popular in electric vehicle (EV), micro grid, and renewable energy applications. Last few decades, EV became popular and considered a suitable alternative for an internal combustion engine (ICE). ICE vehicles, trains, cargos, including aircraft, are consumed one-third of fossil fuel. In the transportation sector, 1% used electricity, 2% used bio-fuel, 3% used natural gas, and 94% of vehicle used oil [1]. It is proved that ICE and industries are the significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon mono oxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO). These gases have polluted the environment and the reason for greenhouse effects. In the EV system, ESS is supplied the electric power to drive the motor and other functions such as air-condition, navigation light and so forth. On the drivingThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.time, EV does not make eminent the CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO gas that will help solve the fossil fuel and environment issues for this EV called zero-carbon emission vehicle [2,3]. Whole over the world, there are more than 5 million EVs have been marked (energy revolution). EVs sales market reached 2% in the USA, 3% in Portugal, 5% in China, 7% in Ireland, 8% in the Netherland, and 2019 more than 50% of new EV soled in Norway. In 2015, the number of passenger EV was 450,000 after that the demand for EVs ware rapidly increased and the number of passenger EV is 2.1 million in 2019 [4,5]. Day by day, the demand for EV is increased rapidly in China and Europe. Furthermore, the whole over the world takes the challenge to reduce global warming and greenhouse gas by increasing the use of EV to substitute ICE vehicles. Many states and countries make policies to adopt...

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