Renewable energy is in high demand for a balanced ecosystem. There are different types of energy storage systems available for long-term energy storage , lithium-ion battery is one of the most powerful and being a popular choice of storage . This review paper discusses various aspects of lithium-ion batteries based on a review of 420 published research papers at the initial stage through 101 published research articles that have been finally reviewed. This review paper focuses on several topics, including electrical vehicle (EV) systems, energy management systems, challenges and issues , and the conclusions and recommendations for future work. EV systems discuss all components that are included in producing the lithium-ion battery. The energy storage section contains the batteries, super capacitors, fuel cells, hybrid storage , power, temperature, and heat management . Energy management systems consider battery monitoring for current and voltage, battery charge-discharge control, estimation and protection, cell equalization. This paper's challenges and issues discuss some of the critical aspects of lithium-ion batteries, including temperature and safety, life-cycle and memory effects, environmental effects, and recycling processes. The conclusion and recommendation of this paper indicate the future scope of research. This review paper can provide the lithium-ion battery's insight, overall synopsis and contribution, and further research directions to the EV system .
The prominent electric vehicle technology, energy storage system, and voltage balancing circuits are most important in the automation industry for the global environment and economic issues. The energy storage system has a great demand for their high specific energy and power, high-temperature tolerance, and long lifetime in the electric vehicle market. For reducing the individual battery or super capacitor cell-damaging change, capacitive loss over the charging or discharging time and prolong the lifetime on the string, the cell balancing is compulsory. The electric vehicles drive train architecture, overall applicable energy storage system, and the balancing circuit categories as cell-to-heat, cell-to-cell, cell-to-pack, pack-to-cell, and cell-to-pack-to-cell are reviewed. The comparative study has shown the different key factors of market available electric vehicles, different types of energy storage systems, and voltage balancing circuits. The study will help the researcher improve the high efficient energy storage system and balancing circuit that is highly applicable to the electric vehicle. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, the energy storage system (ESS) is becoming very popular in electric vehicle (EV), micro grid, and renewable energy applications. Last few decades, EV became popular and considered a suitable alternative for an internal combustion engine (ICE). ICE vehicles, trains, cargos, including aircraft, are consumed one-third of fossil fuel. In the transportation sector, 1% used electricity, 2% used bio-fuel, 3% used natural gas, and 94% of vehicle used oil [1]. It is proved that ICE and industries are the significant sources of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon mono oxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen oxides (NO). These gases have polluted the environment and the reason for greenhouse effects. In the EV system, ESS is supplied the electric power to drive the motor and other functions such as air-condition, navigation light and so forth. On the drivingThis is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.time, EV does not make eminent the CO 2 , CO, SO 2 , and NO gas that will help solve the fossil fuel and environment issues for this EV called zero-carbon emission vehicle [2,3]. Whole over the world, there are more than 5 million EVs have been marked (energy revolution). EVs sales market reached 2% in the USA, 3% in Portugal, 5% in China, 7% in Ireland, 8% in the Netherland, and 2019 more than 50% of new EV soled in Norway. In 2015, the number of passenger EV was 450,000 after that the demand for EVs ware rapidly increased and the number of passenger EV is 2.1 million in 2019 [4,5]. Day by day, the demand for EV is increased rapidly in China and Europe. Furthermore, the whole over the world takes the challenge to reduce global warming and greenhouse gas by increasing the use of EV to substitute ICE vehicles. Many states and countries make policies to adopt...
<p><em>A single series resonant converter has been designed to balance the voltage level of a storage battery for electric vehicles. The proposed design has been simulated and verified by using two 100F supercapacitors instate of the conventional rechargeable battery. A voltage monitoring circuit detects the voltage condition of the individual capacitor and sends the voltage status to the control circuit for action. A technique has been developed to control a set of switches to transfer the current between the capacitor to balance the voltage level. The MATLAB simulated result shows the balancing circuit decreases the voltage difference between the two supercapacitors from 200 mV to 0V in 140 seconds, which is less than the existing methods. This fast voltage balancing technique can be used in the battery management system or electric vehicles for long lasting the battery life.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong><em>: Voltage balancing; electric vehicles; supercapacitor; battery; series resonant converter</em>
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