We analyzed the perinatal outcome of 1,086 pregnancies classified according to the response to the 3-hour 100-gram glucose tolerance test and the diurnal glycemic profile into the Rudge groups corresponding to control pregnant women, class A gestational diabetic women, class A/B to FRH pregnant women and women with daily hyperglycemia. Despite treatment, the diabetic pregnant women and those with daily hyperglycemia presented higher mean blood glucose levels compared to controls (76.6 ± 10.2 mg/dl). The pregnancies complicated by diabetes and by daily hyperglycemia were characterized by a high incidence of prematurity, macrosomia, large for gestational age newborn infants, malformation and fetal and neonatal death, with consequent perinatal mortality. The perinatal mortality of women with daily hyperglycemia was 10 times higher than that of the controls and was similar to that of the diabetic patients. These adverse perinatal results emphasize the need for the diagnosis and control of intrauterine hyperglycemia both in diabetic pregnant women and in women with an altered diurnal glycemic profile.

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Glucose homeostasis is controlled by endocrine pancreatic cells, and any pancreatic disturbance can result in diabetes. Because 8% to 12% of diabetic pregnant women present with malformed fetuses, there is great interest in understanding the etiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment of gestational diabetes. Hyperglycemia enhances the production of reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress, which is involved in diabetic teratogenesis. It has also been suggested that maternal diabetes alters embryonic gene expression, which might cause malformations. Due to ethical issues involving human studies that sometimes have invasive aspects and the multiplicity of uncontrolled variables that can alter the uterine environment during clinical studies, it is necessary to use animal models to better understand diabetic pathophysiology. This review aimed to gather information about pathophysiological mechanisms and fetal outcomes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. To understand the pathophysiological mechanisms and factors involved in diabetes, the use of pancreatic regeneration studies is increasing in an attempt to understand the behavior of pancreatic beta cells. In addition, these studies suggest a new preventive concept as a treatment basis for diabetes, introducing therapeutic efforts to minimize or prevent diabetes-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and teratogenesis.

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Objetivo: analisar a influência da via de parto sobre a força muscular do assoalho pélvico (FM-AP). Métodos: estudo clínico de corte transversal, para avaliar a FM-AP pelo teste da avaliação da força do assoalho pélvico (AFA) e uso do perineômetro em primíparas, entre 20-30 anos de idade, 4-6 meses pós-parto. A contração, medida pelos dois testes, foi classificada em: zero -ausência, um -leve, dois -moderada e três -normal, sustentada por 6 segundos. Avaliaram-se 94 mulheres, entre 20 e 30 anos, divididas em três grupos: pós-parto vaginal (n=32); pós-cesárea (n=32) e nulíparas (n=30). A variável independente foi a via de parto e a dependente, a FM-AP. A comparação entre os graus de contração foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o teste de Dunn para comparações múltiplas; a influência da via de parto pelo teste χ 2 , o risco relativo (RR) para alteração da FM-AP e o coeficiente kappa para avaliar equivalência entre os testes. Resultados: a mediana e 1º e 3º quartil da FM-AP foram menores (p=0,01) pós-parto vaginal (2,0;1-2) e intermediários pós-cesárea (2,0; 2-3) em relação às nulíparas (3,0;2-3), tanto analisadas pelo AFA como pelo perineômetro. Aumentou o RR de exame alterado pós-parto vaginal (

Este trabalho constitui uma síntese e revisão dos principais resultados das pesquisas, com o objetivo de validar o grupo IB de Rudge. As gestantes deste grupo têm rastreamento positivo e diagnóstico negativo para o diabete gestacional, ou seja, apresentam resposta normal ao teste oral de tolerância à glicose (TTG100g). Apesar disso, as alterações nas glicemias ao longo do dia, confirmadas no perfil glicêmico (PG) caracterizam a hiperglicemia diária, fator responsável por risco materno e desfecho perinatal adverso. Estas gestantes são erroneamente incluídas na categoria de "pré-natal de baixo risco" e não estão sendo diagnosticadas e tratadas. Correspondem a 13,8% da população de gestantes rastreadas que, somados aos 7,0% das gestações complicadas por diabete, aumentam a ocorrência de distúrbios hiperglicêmicos na gestação para cerca de 20,0%. Tem índice de mortalidade perinatal de 41‰, semelhante ao de gestantes diabéticas e 10 vezes maior que o de não diabéticas; suas placentas apresentam alterações morfológicas e funcionais diferenciadas dos grupos de gestantes não diabéticas e diabéticas, indicativas de ajuste para manutenção da atividade funcional, facilitando a passagem de glicose para o feto e explicando a macrossomia fetal (53,8% das gestantes não tratadas). O risco materno para hipertensão, obesidade e hiperglicemia é elevado e parece reproduzir modelo da síndrome metabólica, favorecendo risco potencial para diabete no futuro; 10 anos após a gravidez-índice, o diabete clínico tipo 2 foi confirmado em 16,7% das mulheres do grupo IB. Os autores propõem o desenvolvimento de projetos multicêntricos, para identificar biomarcadores, de múltiplos enfoques, específicos das gestantes do grupo IB de Rudge e estabelecer protocolos para o diagnóstico dos distúrbios hiperglicêmicos da gestação, padronizando a associação TTG100g + PG, conduta que poderá causar impacto na morbimortalidade perinatal das gestações complicadas por hiperglicemia diária.

Antenatal stress is linked to fetal risks that increase the chances of neonatal complications and reduction of child cognitive ability. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate if maternal stress affects fetal, neonatal or child development. The following databases were searched: MEDLINE (1966 to May 2016), Embase (1980 to May 2016), LILACS (1982 to May 2016) and CENTRAL (1972 to May 2016). Observational studies published in English and Portuguese were included whether there was any relationship between fetal and neonatal outcome, such as birth weight, preterm labor, child development with pregnant women that were subjected to any stress type during at least one month of follow-up. Two independent reviewers screened eligible articles, extracted data and assessed the risk of bias. Thus, 8 cohort studies with about 8,271 pregnant women and 1,081,151 children proved eligible. Results suggested a significant association between antenatal stress exposure and increasing rates of low birth weight (Odds ratio (OR) 1.68 [95% Confidential Interval (CI) 1.19, 2.38]). However, there was no statistically significance difference between non-exposed and exposed groups related to preterm labor (OR 1.98 [95% CI 0.91 to 4.31]; I2 = 68%, p = 0.04). Although, results were inconsistent with primary analysis suggesting a significant association between antenatal stress exposure and the occurrence of higher rates of preterm birth (OR 1.42 [95% CI 1.05 to 1.91]; I2 = 68%, p = 0.04) in the sensitivity analysis. Furthermore, the current review has suggested that stress perceived during antenatal negatively influences fetal life and child development. Yet, further studies are necessary with adequate sample size and longer follow-up time to confirm our findings.