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In general, measured parameters are similar to those of other primates and will be used as reference values for futures studies.

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Our results suggest that ketamine appears to have little effect on the hematology and blood biochemistry of Alouatta pigra females with respect to those reported for other non-human primates. It is also important to consider the elapsed time after their application when taking blood samples for proper interpretation of the hemogram of Alouatta pigra females.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acute (a single injection) and chronic (21 consecutive days) treatments with chrysin 2, 4, and 8 μmol kg−1 on anxiety-like behavior and Fos immunoreactivity in the lateral septum nucleus (LSN), a structure that is involved in the regulation of anxiety, in male Wistar rats. These effects were compared with the clinically effective anxiolytic diazepam 7 μmol kg−1. The results showed that acute, but not chronic treatment, with 4 μmol kg−1 chrysin exerted anxiolytic- and anti- depressant-like effects with these effects being similar to that of diazepam. Also, none of the above-mentioned treatments did alter Fos immunoreactivity in the LSN, but a tendency towards the reduction of this variable was detected with chrysin 4 μmol kg−1 and diazepam 7 μmol kg−1. Altogether, results suggest that chrysin exerts anxiolytic-like effects, however, it can produce pharmacological tolerance after repeated use, similar to benzodiazepines.

In previous studies, the anxiolytic-like effects of Montanoa tomentosa and Montanoa frutescens were reported in male rats, but the potential anxiolytic-like effects of Montanoa plants during the different phases of the ovarian cycle in rats remain to be explored. The anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous crude extracts of M. frutescens (25 and 50 mg/kg) and M. grandiflora (25 and 50 mg/kg) in the elevated plus maze were investigated in Wistar rats during the estrous cycle and compared with 2 mg/kg diazepam as a reference anxiolytic drug. To investigate any motor effect (i.e., hyperactivity, no changes, or hypoactivity) associated with the treatments, the rats were evaluated in the open field test. The M. frutescens (25 and 50 mg/kg) and M. grandiflora (50 mg/kg) extracts exerted anxiolytic-like effects during the metestrus-diestrus phase, similar to diazepam, without disrupting spontaneous motor activity. No significant effects of the extracts were detected in either behavioral test during the proestrus-estrus phase, whereas diazepam produced motor hypoactivity in the open field test. These results indicate that the M. frutescens and M. grandiflora extracts possess anxiolytic-like effects that depend on the ovarian cycle phase, supporting the Mexican ancient medicinal use of these plants to ameliorate anxiety disorders.

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