Blood parameters are little affected by time of sampling after the application of ketamine in black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra)

Abstract

Our results suggest that ketamine appears to have little effect on the hematology and blood biochemistry of Alouatta pigra females with respect to those reported for other non-human primates. It is also important to consider the elapsed time after their application when taking blood samples for proper interpretation of the hemogram of Alouatta pigra females.

Biochemical and hematological evaluations of black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in highly degraded landscapes in Mexico

“…The anesthetics may affect physiological and blood parameters . In the chemical restraint of A. pigra , platelet, lymphocyte and phosphorus concentration are reported to decrease and creatinine, cholesterol, triglyceride, and potassium increase . We documented a minimum effect on the hematology; that is, the lowest platelet and lymphocyte numbers and the maximum creatinine, cholesterol, phosphorus, and potassium values were similar to the reported under ketamine effect after 10 minutes …”

“…For example, stress can alter the blood cell parameters . The effect of post handling stress has been documented in primates and non‐primates species . Handling will cause the release of corticosterone and other stress hormones, and some blood parameters could be altered few hours later .…”

Toxic and Immunotoxic Evaluation of Ketamine and/or Ethanol in Rats During 28 Days

“…Furthermore, ketamine administration generally promotes an increase in serum cholesterol levels [95,96] and changes in serum triglyceride levels [97,98]. Studies conducted in different species of monkeys exposed to ketamine promoted both cholesterol and triglycerides increase in Macaca fascicularis [99], or the opposite effect, in Macaca radiata [100].…”

Howler Monkeys

“…These parameters may vary from individual to individual based on age, sex (Martin et al 1973 ;Davy et al 1984 ;Larsson et al 1999 ;Riviello and Wirz 2001 ;Rovirosa-Hernández et al 2012 ), and reproductive status (Rosenblum and Coulston 1981 ), as well as the levels of hydration (Gotoh et al 2001 ), stress (Gotoh et al 1987 ;Dinh 2002 ), nutrition (Pronkuk et al 1991 ;Divillard et al 1992 ;Klosla and Hayes 1992 ), and temperature at the moment of sampling (Ogunrinade et al 1981 ;Bush 1991 ;Ogunsanmi et al 1994 ;Večerek et al 2002 ;Blahová et al 2007 ). Hematological and biochemical values in the blood can also be affected by the animal restrain methods (Hassimoto et al 2004 ;Lambeth et al D. Canales-Espinosa et al 181 2006 ), type of anesthetic used (Lugo-Roman et al 2009 ;Rovirosa-Hernández et al 2011 ), time of day when sampled, anticoagulant used to preserve the samples, and sample processing and storage (Thrall et al 2006 ). Therefore, it is important to obtain reference blood biochemistry in wild primate populations.…”

“…This is probably due to the diffi culties in capturing wild individuals ( Vié et al 1998a ). However, a number of conservation strategies throughout the distribution range of howler monkeys have included the rescue and translocation of individuals (Porter 1971 ;Vié et al 1998a ;de Thoisy et al 2001 ;Richard-Hansen et al 2000 ;Crissey et al 2003 ;Schmidt et al 2007 ;Flaiban et al 2008 ;Rovirosa-Hernández et al 2011, providing researchers with an excellent opportunity to acquire blood samples and analyze hematological parameters of individuals in different contexts.…”