Studies on efficient use of the plant growth regulator can make this technology possible for leveraging oat yield in Brazil. This study aims to define the optimal dose growth regulator in oat, which allows plant lodging at most 5%. Establishing equations describe the yield indicators behavior and by using the optimal growth regulator dose for lodging, simulate the expression of these indicators regardless of reduced, high and very high conditions of nitrogen fertilization and favorable and unfavorable cultivation year. The study was conducted in 2013, 2014 and 2015, in carrying out two experiments, one to quantify the biomass yield and another aiming at estimating grain yield and lodging. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications, following factorial scheme 4 x 3 to growth regulator doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 mL ha ), respectively. The use of 495 mL ha -1 growth regulator trinexapac-ethyl active principle is shown efficient at the reduction of oat plant lodging, regardless of the agricultural year condition and N-fertilizer rate. In the expression of grain yield and harvest index, quadratic behavior is obtained, however with decreasing linearity on the biomass yield and straw by increasing the growth regulator dose. The optimal dose of growth regulator in reducing oat lodging does not affect grain yield, but it reduces biological yield via biomass straw with elevation on the harvest index.
The use of growth regulator in oats can reduce plant lodging with reflections in biomass and grain yield. The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility and efficiency of using Trinexapac-Ethyl regulator in the growth of white oat under different conditions of N-fertilizer and years favorable and unfavorable for cultivation. In this study, two experiments were conducted in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, one for quantifying biomass production rate and the other for the determination of grain yield and lodging. The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replicates, in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, for growth regulator doses (0, 200, 400 and 600 mL ha-1) and nitrogen doses (30, 90 and 150 kg ha-1), respectively. There is a linear reduction of biomass rate with the increase in the growth regulator dose in oat, regardless of the condition of year and use of N-fertilizer. The growth regulator dose of 495 mL ha-1 efficiently reduces lodging with reduced, high and very high use of N-fertilizer, without reducing the yield of oat grains, in favorable, intermediate or unfavorable year for cultivation.
The sowing density adjustment in oatcan maximize the productivity expression.The aim of this study is to define the behavior of productivity expression of biomass, grains, straw andharvest indexthrough increasing sowing density in the main biotype cultivated in Southern Brazil. It proposesthe possibility of indicating higher sowing density to the productivity maximization of biomass and grains.With the densityadjusted to the grain productivity to simulate the reflexes on the biological and straw productivity and harvest index compared to recommendeddensity, considering high and reduced tillering cultivars in different succession systems.The study was carried out in 2013, 2014 and 2015 in randomized blockdesign with four replications in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme, for sowing density (100, 200, 300, 600 and 900 m -2 ) and oat cultivars (Brisasul and URS Taura), respectively, in the corn/oat and soybean/oat succession system.With the increase in sowing density, the biological and straw productivity evidence alinear behavior and the grain productivity and harvest index ofquadratic behavior, regardless of the cultivar,agricultural year and succession system. It is possible to indicate a higher sowing density to the biomass and grain productivity maximization with sowing density close to 500 seeds m -2 in the main succession systems.In high and reduced tillering cultivars, the adjusted density compared tothe recommended increasedthe biological and straw productivity, regardless of agricultural year and succession systems.
The sowing density management in the main oat biotype cultivated in Brazil can bring yield gains with reduced lodging. The aim of this study was to sow the density adjustment of early cycle oat cultivars and reduced stature to increase biomass and grain yield with reduced lodging, considering high and low N-residual release succession systems in different years. The study was carried out in 2011, 2012 and 2013 in randomized blocks experimental design with four replications in factorial scheme 4 × 2, for sowing density (100, 300, 600 and 900 seeds m -2 ) and oat cultivars (Brisasul and URS Taura) in the corn/oat and soybean/oat succession systems. In each succession system two experiments were conducted, one to quantify the biomass production rate, and the other, aimed at estimating the grain yield and lodging. Regardless of year and cultivar, the main oat biotype grown in Southern Brazil evidences optimal sowing density around 500 seeds m -2 in the biomass and grain expression yield in the corn/oat and soybean/oat succession systems. In the soybean/oat succession system, the use of optimal density can favor the plant lodging, especially in favorable cultivation years. The corn/oat succession system through lower release of N-residual proves to be efficient concerning the grain yield expression and reduced lodging in the use of adjusted density.
We study magnetic properties of spin glass SG systems under a random field (RF), beased on the suggestion that RFs can be induced by a weak transverse field in the compound LiHoxY1−xF4. We consider a cluster spin model that allows long-range disordered interactions among clusters and short-range interactions inside the clusters, besides a local RF for each spin following a Gaussian distribution with standard deviation ∆. We adopt the one-step replica symmetry breaking (RSB) approach to get an exactly solvable single-cluster problem. We discuss the behavior of order parameters, specific heat Cm, nonlinear susceptibility χ3 and phase diagrams for different disorder configurations. In the absence of RF, the χ3 exhibits a divergence at T f , while the Cm shows a broad maximum at a temperature T * * around 30% above T f , as expected for conventional SG systems. The presence of RF changes this scenario. The Cm still shows the maximum at T * * that is weakly dependent on ∆. However, the T f is displaced to lower temperatures, enhancing considerable the ration T * * /T f . Furthermore, the divergence in χ3 is replaced by a rounded maximum at a temperature T * , which becomes increasingly higher than T f as ∆ enhances. As a consequence, the paramagnetic phase is unfolded in three regions: (i) a conventional paramagnetism (T > T * * ; (ii) a region with formation of short-range order with frozen spins (T * < T < T * * ); (iii) a region with slow growth of free-energy barriers slowing down the spin dynamics before the SG transition (T f < T < T * ) suggesting an intermediate Griffiths phase before the SG state. Our results reproduce qualitatively some findings of LiHoxY1−xF4 as the rounded maximum of χ3 behavior triggered by RF and the deviation of the conventional relationship between the T f and T * * .
We investigate the role of antiferromagnetic spin clusters on the glassiness induced by uniform and random fields. We consider an antiferromagnetic disordered model that is treated within the replica method, resulting in an effective single-cluster problem. Our results show that regimes of weak and intermediate disorder are suitable for highly unusual phenomena. For the case of a uniform field, cluster polarization can favor a cluster spin-glass state, i.e. the magnetic field increases the freezing temperature at intermediate disorders. In addition, random fields introduce local perturbations that allow uncompensated cluster states, supporting cluster freezing even at very weak disorders. The theoretical framework presented here can be useful for the understanding of phenomena observed in magnetic glassy systems that have spin clusters as building blocks instead of individual spins. In particular, we suggest that our results can help to explain the magnetic behaviour of the rare earth TbIn 0.99 Mn 0.01 O 3 , which has been recently proposed to be composed of antiferromagnetic clusters, presenting a field-induced increase of the freezing temperature.
RESUMOO trigo, Triticum aestivum L., é um cereal básico para a civilização como uma fonte fundamental de nutrientes e energia dentro da cadeia alimentícia, fornecendo cerca de 20% das calorias provenientes de alimentos consumidos pelo homem, sendo que possui uma proteína -glúten -não encontrada em outros grãos [1]. Seu cultivo segue paralelo à história da antiguidade e da modernidade. É utilizado principalmente como base de farinhas para fabricar um alimento essencial para a subsistência da humanidade, o pão, e ainda é utilizado em fabricação de ração na forma de farelo de trigo para alimentação de animais.Os sistemas de produção de trigo, no Sul do Brasil, exigem um alto grau de tecnificação para oferecer produtividade e qualidade que permitam um bom resultado econômico ao produtor e que possibilitam competir vantajosamente em um mercado cada vez mais globalizado e controlado por países com grande tradição e eficiência na produção dos grãos e produtos industrializados desses cereais [3].A aplicação de nitrogênio no momento adequado pode aumentar a eficiência de uso do nitrogênio pelo trigo, incrementando o número de grãos por espiga e o número de espigas por área. Além dos aspectos agronômicos, a fertilização em época apropriada pode reduzir os riscos de poluição das águas subterrâneas ocasionados pelo acúmulo de nitrato [2]. Em muitos sistemas de produção, a disponibilidade de nitrogênio é quase sempre um fator limitante, influenciando o crescimento da planta mais do que qualquer outro nutriente. Dada a sua importância, o manejo do nitrogênio tem sido intensamente estudado, no sentido de maximizar a eficiência do seu uso. Para tanto, tem-se procurado diminuir as perdas do nitrogênio no solo, bem como melhorar a sua eficiência na absorção e metabolização no interior da planta.O presente trabalho tem por objetivo a modelagem matemática do comportamento de trigos classe industrial pão (BRS Guamirim) e melhorador (Fundacep Nova Era) sobre o efeito de doses de nitrogênio (N) em condições com diferentes níveis de fracionamento de N na variável rendimento de grãos, envolvendo sistema de cultivo com lenta liberação de N residual. Portanto, estudos que buscam inferências sobre as condições de produção de trigo na região noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul.O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, seguindo um modelo fatorial 2x3 sendo duas cultivares de trigo (BRS Guamirim e Fundacep e Nova Era), e três épocas de aplicação de N (V 3 ,V 6 e R 1 ). Em cada condição para o desenvolvimento do modelo foi empregada três doses de nitrogênio (30, 60, 120 kg ha -1 ) para elaboração de equações de regressão em cada condição de fracionamento. Ressalta-se que para a simulação da produtividade de grãos nestas equações, foi considerada a dose de 90 kg ha -1 de N, a partir de valor que representa a realidade de uso local. As parcelas foram constituídas por cinco linhas espaçadas 0,20 m entre si e cinco metros de comprimento, resultando em cinco metros quadrados por parcela. A variável mensurad...
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