The experiments were conducted in the laboratory Plant Protection Research Institute Dokki-Giza, to study the effect of Anethum groveolenus Dill, Ambrosia maritime Damaseia extract, Cumminum cyminum Cumin; Syzyguim aromaticum Clove and Allium maritime Garlic on activity of some enzymes in(Tuta absoluta Meyrick) on tomato plants were investigated. After the tested compounds application, the results revealed that these compounds had various effects on the activity alkaline phosphatases, α and β esterases and carbohydrates hydrolyzing enzymes (trehalase, invertase and amylase). The enzyme activity reduced or increased significantly. Activity of alkaline phosphatases, α and β esterases were higher in Damasiea on T. absoluta, in comparison to control. The percentage of increase of alkaline enzymes activity were +22.28 and +17.38 and +13.34 % in T. absoluta respectively. Also, in cumin and garlic extracts treatments. Generally, in case of T. absoluta treatments, the results of damasiea extract indicated high increase (+40.1% in comparison to control) in activity of beta-esterases and invertase enzymes but high decrease (+45.9%), in alpha-esterases activity only. The results indicated that the damasiea extract had direct effects on the metabolism in the body Tuta absoluta.
a b s t r a c tThis paper aimed to assess the energy consumption and the removal efficiency of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Palestine and explores the potential application of renewable energy with associated impacts on unit operations. National rules and regional guidelines for treated water are regulatory instruments for the construction approval of WWTPs in Palestine. Three urban WWTPs of various technologies were selected as case studies for the assessment. The technologies applied were conventional activated sludge with anaerobic sludge digestion, extended aeration and membrane bioreactor (MBR) serving Nablus, Al-Bireh and Altira cities, respectively. Analysis of collected data on the BOD 5 removal were 96%, 98% and 99%. The removal efficiency of nitrogen reached 85% and 95% for Al-Bireh and Altira and not accounted for in Nablus WWTP. The energy required for both liquid and sludge lines was calculated based on the available data and correlated with the treatment efficacy. Results analysis revealed wide variations in the energy consumption among the three WWTPs. Altira MBR showed normal trends compared to published literature with 2.88 kWh/ m 3 , of which 40% was consumed by the biological treatment stage. Al-Bireh WWTP consumed 1.86 kWh/m 3 with 35% of the electrical consumption for biological stage, and 24% for the sludge line. Nablus-WWTP consumed 2.25 kWh/m 3 with 62% of the energy consumed by the biological stage and 34% for sludge line. Under load operation below the design capacities, the specific energy consumption for Al-Bireh and Nablus WWTPs are contradicting common published data for activated sludge treatment systems. Use of renewable energy could assist in the reduction of the annual energy operational costs. Assessment of solar photovoltaic (PV) application could yield electricity sufficient for Altira and Al-Bireh pump station facilities covering 9%, 15%, and 1% of their energy demand. PV installation at Nablus WWTP showed marginal impacts if connected off-grid or if combined heat and power are not operational until 2020, payback periods were estimated at 7.5 and 18.7 years, respectively.
The experiment was carried out during the months from (June -August), in 2007 at the Agricultural Researches Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University. This work aimed to study the effect of cutting rice straw and the various additions on some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost at different periods during composting(60,75and 90days).Relevant data revealed that ,the total organic carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting and different additive of urea (0, 10.13 , 15.46 and 24.54 g urea /Kg) , lime with (10g/kg and without adding) , super phosphate 15g/Kg and clay soil (100g/kg) at the periods of composting. The pH value and EC value of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting , different additive of urea and lime at the periods of composting .Treatment of fine rice straw (L1) gave the greatest bulk density and water holding capacity, However, the treatment of high tall rice straw (L2) gave the lower values at the three periods. In addition, relevant results suggested cutting rice straw and addition some additives such as urea and lime to improve some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost. Keywords; chemical and physical properties, lime, rice straw compost.
Two field experiments were carried out during winter season (2016/2017) and summer season (2017) an clay soil to evaluate the effects of N management practices with irrigation on wheat and maize crop, nitrogen fertilizers were added before or after irrigation as a three sources of N (urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate) on vegetative growth, production of yields, NPK content in grains of both wheat and maize as well as nitrogen recovery. The treatments included four doses from recommended dose ( 0, 60, 80 and 100 %). The N was splitted into three doses (50% at sowing + 25% at maximum tillering + 25% at spike initiation) for wheat crop. wterever, the N was applied at four splits dose ( at third leaf stage, ninth leaf stage, tasseling and milking stage) for maize crop. Results of indicated that, application of nitrogen at high er doses after irrigation led to increasing vegetation growth of both wheat and maize plants. Also, the same treatment produced the highest values of straw, grain yields, biological yield and harvest index of both wheat and maize compared to the other treatments. Macronutrients (N,P and K) uptake, and this addition of nitrogen fertilizers at high dose produced the highest values of macronutrients uptake by both grains of wheat and maize compared to the other treatments. Generally, nitrogen application after irrigation resulted in the highest values of nitrogen recovery compared with the nitrogen application before irrigation. Hence, it could be concluded that the best results were obtained when nitrogen applied after irrigation with both wheat and maize crops.
ABSRACTA field experiment was conducted on clayey soil at Kom Abou-Khallad village, Nasser district, Bani-Suef Governorate, Egypt during the winter season of 2014/2015. This study was conducted to identify the effect of applied vermicompost at rates 2.5, 3.3 and 4 Mg fed -1 , magnetite at rates 100, 150 and 200 k.g fed -1 and Sugar industry wastes (a mixture of the Filter Mud and Sugar lime wastes with a ratio of about 1:1) at rates 6.7, 10 and 13.3 Mg fed -1 as either solely or combined treatments, on some soil properties as well as the vegetative growth, nutritional status and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv Bani-Suef 5). The suitability class of the used irrigation water is C3S1 (ECiw = 2.08 dS/m and SAR= 7.12) for Baha drainage water.The obtained results of the investigated soil indicated that, the values of EC, ESP and pH, were decreased with application of vermicompost, magnetite and sugar industry wastes. These decreases varied from treatment to another, the best treatment was found to be (T 10 = filter mud + sugar lime (1:1) w/w (13.3 Mg fed -1 ) and T 13 = filter mud + sugar lime (1:1) (6.7 Mg fed -1 ) + vermicompost) as compared to the other combined or solely ones. However, the treatments effect on OM% and CEC have the opposite trend since their combination caused increase of OM and CEC values. Also, application of vermicompost, magnetite and Sugar industry wastes were more pronounced in decreasing soil bulk density, and increasing both hydraulic conductivity, total porosity and soil moisture content values. The obtained data emphasized that the achieved enhancing soil properties were positively reflected on the nutrient contents of plant tissues and plant parameters. (grain and straw yields).So that, it could be recommended that applications of vermicompost, magnetite and sugar industry wastes should be used to alleviate the hazardous effects of a saline soil or saline irrigation water. In addition, such favourable conditions should be enhance continuous biological activity and nutrients slow release along the growth stages of wheat plants, and in turn to minimize their possible losses by either leaching or volatilization processes. This approach represents a best
fficiency of compost (corn stover amended with sheep manure) supplemented with sulphur, phosphate rock, gypsum and some bioagents (Bacillus subtilis, Trichoderma harzianum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) was evaluated for suppressing powdery mildew of pepper under field conditions. Experiments were carried out under natural infection in the Experimental Farm of Sids Horticultural Research Station, Agric. Res. Center, Beni-Sweif governorate. Two different methods of application were used; soil amendment and or foliar spraying to reduce pepper powdery mildew and improving its productivity, as well as enhance soil fertility. All tested compost treatments reduced the number of infected leaves and powdery mildew severity as well as increased the yield compared to control treatment. On the other hand, spraying and amendment pepper plants during the growing season with compost combined with Trichoderma harzianum resulted in a significant decrease in disease severity of the disease with significant increment in pepper yield compared with the control treatment. In addition, combination the compost with Bacillus subtilis gave the best results in controlling powdery mildew of pepper.
Fresh water resources are limited to meet annual needs of irrigation water for agricultural production in Egypt. So drains water can be used to recover this gab and quality of this water should be studied before using it. Dakahlia Governorate is located in the northeastern of the Nile Delta. It is located near the ends of canals and agricultural drains. These agricultural drains carrying sewage and industrial waste waters (treated and untreated) .The drains water normally used to irrigate some lands near the ends of the irrigation canals. In this study, three agricultural drains were selected taking in consideration its water are used to irrigate farm land. The selected drains are drain No.1, drain No.2 and EL-Mansoura Al-Mustajad drain. Water quality of these drains were studied during winter and summer seasons of 2014. 14 water samples were taken during this period in order to evaluate water quality for irrigation. The obtained results indicated that pH values were within the permissible limits for irrigation even they were higher in winter than in summer season. While EC and , SAR values were slight to moderate. NO3-N values were slight to moderate in all water samples except for water samples (No. 6 and 7) in EL-Mansoura Al-Mustajad drain. NH4-N values for all samples were in the accepted range according to FAO (1985) except for sample No. 7 at the end of EL-Mansoura Al-Mustajad drain which were sever according to FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) standards. The results indicated also that COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) levels were within the maximum limits for water irrigation except COD values of water samples No. 1 in summer and No. 3 in winter and summer. The BOD values were in the same trend for water irrigation according to Egyptian and U.S.EPA (2004) (United States Environmental Protection Agency) standards. In general, the values were higher in winter than in summer season. The heavy metals values in summer season were higher than in winter one. Mostly , the heavy metals content of the drains was arranged in the following descending order: Ni> Pb> Cd according to NAS/NAE, (1972) (National Academy of Sciences / National Academy of Engineering) and FAO (1985). The results indicated that heavy metals contents were within the permissible limits for irrigation in most sites for lead (Pb) except for water samples No. 7, they were in the maximum limits (more than 5 ppm), While cadmium and nickel values were within the maximum limits for irrigation in water samples except water samples (No. 1 and 3 in winter and summer and No. 5 in winter). The obtained data showed that Ni values were within the maximum limits for irrigation except water samples (No. 1 , 3 and 5 in winter and summer) . In general, the EC ,SAR, NO3 -N , NH4-N , COD , BOD , heavy metals (Pb, Ni and Cd) values at the beginning of the drains were lower than at the end of the drains in the studied area in the three drains . The evaluation of drains are ranged from slightly to moderately suitable for all stu...
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