The experiments were conducted in the laboratory Plant Protection Research Institute Dokki-Giza, to study the effect of Anethum groveolenus Dill, Ambrosia maritime Damaseia extract, Cumminum cyminum Cumin; Syzyguim aromaticum Clove and Allium maritime Garlic on activity of some enzymes in(Tuta absoluta Meyrick) on tomato plants were investigated. After the tested compounds application, the results revealed that these compounds had various effects on the activity alkaline phosphatases, α and β esterases and carbohydrates hydrolyzing enzymes (trehalase, invertase and amylase). The enzyme activity reduced or increased significantly. Activity of alkaline phosphatases, α and β esterases were higher in Damasiea on T. absoluta, in comparison to control. The percentage of increase of alkaline enzymes activity were +22.28 and +17.38 and +13.34 % in T. absoluta respectively. Also, in cumin and garlic extracts treatments. Generally, in case of T. absoluta treatments, the results of damasiea extract indicated high increase (+40.1% in comparison to control) in activity of beta-esterases and invertase enzymes but high decrease (+45.9%), in alpha-esterases activity only. The results indicated that the damasiea extract had direct effects on the metabolism in the body Tuta absoluta.

No abstract

a b s t r a c tThis paper aimed to assess the energy consumption and the removal efficiency of three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Palestine and explores the potential application of renewable energy with associated impacts on unit operations. National rules and regional guidelines for treated water are regulatory instruments for the construction approval of WWTPs in Palestine. Three urban WWTPs of various technologies were selected as case studies for the assessment. The technologies applied were conventional activated sludge with anaerobic sludge digestion, extended aeration and membrane bioreactor (MBR) serving Nablus, Al-Bireh and Altira cities, respectively. Analysis of collected data on the BOD 5 removal were 96%, 98% and 99%. The removal efficiency of nitrogen reached 85% and 95% for Al-Bireh and Altira and not accounted for in Nablus WWTP. The energy required for both liquid and sludge lines was calculated based on the available data and correlated with the treatment efficacy. Results analysis revealed wide variations in the energy consumption among the three WWTPs. Altira MBR showed normal trends compared to published literature with 2.88 kWh/ m 3 , of which 40% was consumed by the biological treatment stage. Al-Bireh WWTP consumed 1.86 kWh/m 3 with 35% of the electrical consumption for biological stage, and 24% for the sludge line. Nablus-WWTP consumed 2.25 kWh/m 3 with 62% of the energy consumed by the biological stage and 34% for sludge line. Under load operation below the design capacities, the specific energy consumption for Al-Bireh and Nablus WWTPs are contradicting common published data for activated sludge treatment systems. Use of renewable energy could assist in the reduction of the annual energy operational costs. Assessment of solar photovoltaic (PV) application could yield electricity sufficient for Altira and Al-Bireh pump station facilities covering 9%, 15%, and 1% of their energy demand. PV installation at Nablus WWTP showed marginal impacts if connected off-grid or if combined heat and power are not operational until 2020, payback periods were estimated at 7.5 and 18.7 years, respectively.

The experiment was carried out during the months from (June -August), in 2007 at the Agricultural Researches Station, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University. This work aimed to study the effect of cutting rice straw and the various additions on some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost at different periods during composting(60,75and 90days).Relevant data revealed that ,the total organic carbon, total nitrogen and C/N ratio of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting and different additive of urea (0, 10.13 , 15.46 and 24.54 g urea /Kg) , lime with (10g/kg and without adding) , super phosphate 15g/Kg and clay soil (100g/kg) at the periods of composting. The pH value and EC value of the composted rice straw was significantly affected by cutting , different additive of urea and lime at the periods of composting .Treatment of fine rice straw (L1) gave the greatest bulk density and water holding capacity, However, the treatment of high tall rice straw (L2) gave the lower values at the three periods. In addition, relevant results suggested cutting rice straw and addition some additives such as urea and lime to improve some chemical and physical properties of rice straw compost. Keywords; chemical and physical properties, lime, rice straw compost.

Two field experiments were carried out during winter season (2016/2017) and summer season (2017) an clay soil to evaluate the effects of N management practices with irrigation on wheat and maize crop, nitrogen fertilizers were added before or after irrigation as a three sources of N (urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate) on vegetative growth, production of yields, NPK content in grains of both wheat and maize as well as nitrogen recovery. The treatments included four doses from recommended dose ( 0, 60, 80 and 100 %). The N was splitted into three doses (50% at sowing + 25% at maximum tillering + 25% at spike initiation) for wheat crop. wterever, the N was applied at four splits dose ( at third leaf stage, ninth leaf stage, tasseling and milking stage) for maize crop. Results of indicated that, application of nitrogen at high er doses after irrigation led to increasing vegetation growth of both wheat and maize plants. Also, the same treatment produced the highest values of straw, grain yields, biological yield and harvest index of both wheat and maize compared to the other treatments. Macronutrients (N,P and K) uptake, and this addition of nitrogen fertilizers at high dose produced the highest values of macronutrients uptake by both grains of wheat and maize compared to the other treatments. Generally, nitrogen application after irrigation resulted in the highest values of nitrogen recovery compared with the nitrogen application before irrigation. Hence, it could be concluded that the best results were obtained when nitrogen applied after irrigation with both wheat and maize crops.