Two field experiments were conducted in a private farm at El-Salhiea City; Sharkia Governorate during two winter seasons of 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates, timing and splitting application on wheat plant (triticum aestvum L.) on reclaimed soils. Ten treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates; which were the simple possible combination between five treatments of N-fertilization, (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N fed-1) and two splitting doses of each N rates (1 st splitting was divided to two equal doses 50 and 50% after 14 and 48 DAS and 2 nd splitting was divided to four doses 40, 20, 20 and 20% after 14, 28, 48, 56 DAS). The wheat plant growth progressively increased with increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rates and the superiority of plant height, chlorophyll and spike length observed with 120 kg N fed-1 rather with N fertilizer splitting to 2 or 4 doses. The higher number of grains/spike observed with N fertilizer treatment at rate of 120 kg N fed-1 splitting to 4 doses. 1000 grain weight, straw and grain yield increased with increasing the rate of N fertilizer up to 120 kg N fed-1. Treatment 120 kg N fed-1 in four doses as 40, 20, 20 and 20% after 14, 28, 48, and 56 DAS, recorded higher values of 1000 grain weight, straw and grain yield of wheat. Significant difference in N, P and K concentration in boating and harvest stages in straw and in wheat grain were observed due to different levels, splitting and time of N application. In general, N, P and K% were increased with increasing the N fertilizers levels up to 120 kg N fed-1 with split to 2 doses, and 150 kg N fed-1 with split to 4 doses. Under the same conditions of the experiment, it can be recommended to add the nitrogen fertilizer at 120 kg N fed-1 in four doses as 40, 20, 20 and 20% after 14, 28, 48, 56 DAS, which gave the best result of quantity and quality of the wheat cultivated on sandy clay loam reclaimed soil.

Lysimeter experiment was conducted during winter season of -2014and 2014-2015 Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This study aimed to clarify the effect of soil moisture depletion (45, 60 and 75% from the available water) and nitrogen levels (zero, 75, 100 and 125% from the recommended dose) as well as their interaction on wheat yield, water and nitrogen use efficiencies. The obtained results can be summarized in; -Soil moisture depletion and nitrogen fertilizer levels interaction high significantly affected grain yield in both seasons. The highest values of grain yield (2889.60 and 2829.40 kg fed -1 in the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively) were realized by applying the treatment of irrigation after depletion 45% from available water + 125% of N recommended dose. -The highest values of wheat straw yield (3355.19 and 3297 kg fed -1 ) were obtained under irrigation after depletion 45% from available water in the first and second season, respectively. Also the different N rates (control, 75%, 100% and 125% of N recommended dose) high significantly affected straw yield. The straw yield increased by 22.46% at N 75% , 31.61% at N 100% and 43.39% at N 125% in first season and by (18.71% at N 75% , 24.79% at N 100% and 26.26% at N 125% ) in second season, as compared to control. -The highest value of nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) was obtained due to the irrigation after depletion 45% from available water + 75% of N recommended dose. The lowest value of NAE was achieved due to the irrigation after depletion 75% from available water + 125% of N recommended dose. -Apparent nitrogen recovery by wheat was high significantly affected by the interaction between soil moisture depletion and nitrogen fertilizer levels in both seasons. The highest values of apparent nitrogen recovery by wheat were realized by applying the treatment of irrigation after depletion 45% from available water + 75% of N recommended dose for both seasons. -The highest and lowest values of water use efficiency were obtained from treatments of irrigation after depletion 45% from available water and 75% from N recommended dose and irrigation after depletion 75% from available water without addition of nitrogen fertilizer in both growing seasons, respectively.

In Egypt ,many farmers have adopted large quantities of P-fertilization in planting their crops ,especially faba bean plant. Although, surveying literature indicated that P-application at high rates induce imbalance between macro and micro nutrients. For this reason, afield experiment was conducted in a private farm, Borg El-Nor at Aga District, Dakahlia Governorate., under alluvial soil during the winter season of 2014/2015 to determine the effect of high doses of phosphorus fertilizer in the presence or absence of Zn foliar application under inoculation or without inoculation and investigate the interactive effects on growth parameters ,nutrient content and yield of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Sakha1 at flowering and harvest stages. The combined effects of phosphorus, Zinc and Rhizobium were investigated by combining four P levels (0,13.08,26.16 and 39.42 kg P fed-1) and two spraying rate of Zn (0 and 100 ppm Zn). Also, each treatment was studied twice; once in the presence of strains inoculants at the rate of 400 g / fed and the other without inoculation .The experimental design was split split plot with three replicates. The results show that the application of 26.16 kg P fed-1 (P 3) with the spraying of Zn under inoculation or without inoculation produced higher plant height , number of leaves, shoots fresh and dry weight, protein of grain , seed index and seed yield than that obtained for the control treatment. Moreover, increasing P-fertilization level to 39.34 kg P fed-1 with Zn spraying, under inoculation or without inoculation ,resulted in significant decrease in all growth parameters except straw yield than the levels of 26.16 kg P fed-1. Also, the interaction between all studied treatments significantly affected chemical constituents at the two studied stages.

Plants are likely to be affected by simultaneous boron (B) toxicity and salinity. Stresses on plants due to exposure to soils with high levels of naturally occurring salinity and boron, or due to irrigation with water containing high levels of salts and B can be done. For this reason, a greenhouse study was conducted at Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University in two different soils (alluvial and sandy soil) during two successive summer seasons 2013 and 2014 to determine the interactive effects of salinity and varying concentrations of boron on growth, yield and ion relations of maize (Zea mays L.var.s.c.10). The experimental design was split plot with 3 replicates. Boron and salinity were applied with irrigation water. Boron levels were 0, 1, 2 and 3 mg L-1, while salinity levels were 0.4, 2.4, 4.4, 6.4, and 8.4 dSm−1. The average values of fresh and dry weight of shoot and root yield of maize (g/pot) as well as plant height (cm) during both seasons of 2013 and 2014 increased with increasing of B levels from 0 to 1ppm under S1 treatment (0.4 dSm−1), and then significantly decreased with any increasing in boron element under all different levels of irrigation water salinity for both soils under study. On the other hand, the average values of B concentration in maize plant for both seasons significantly decreased as salinity of irrigation water increase with constant of B level but it was significantly increase with increasing of B level and constant level of salinity in irrigation water. For example, the boron concentration in shoot were 28.75, 23.0, 19.1, 13.7 and 7.8 mg/kg ,respectively using irrigation water having EC 0.4,2.4,4.4,6.4 and 8.4 dSm-1,respectively and constant B concentration of 2 ppm, while the boron concentration of maize shoot were 0.9,15.65,23.0and 26.4mg/kg, respectively at using irrigation water having EC 2.4 dSm-1 and B concentration were zero,1,2 and 3 ppm , respectively. Also, the average values of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, chloride and calcium contents in maize were evaluated under the effect of different levels of boron and salinity in irrigation water at the same time.

Two field experiments were conducted at a private farm at El-Salhiea City; Sharkia Governorate during two summer seasons of 2006-2007 and 2007-2008 to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and splitting application on maize plant (Zea mays L.) grown on sandy clay loam soil. Ten treatments were arranged in a split plot design with three replicates; which were the simple possible combination between five treatments of N-fertilization, (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N fed-1). Each N rate was divided to 1-two equal doses 50 and 50% which added after 14 and 48 day after sowing (DAS) and 2-four doses 40, 20, 20 and 20% added after 14, 28, 48, 56 DAS. The maize plant growth parameter increased with increasing the nitrogen fertilizer rate and the superiority of fresh and dry weight of leaves ear and chlorophyll observed with 120 kgN fed-1. 100 grain weight, grain yield and straw yield increased with increasing the rate of N fertilizer up to 120 kg N fed-1. Treatment of 120 kg N fed-1 in four doses as 40, 20, 20 and 20% added after 14, 28, 48, and 56 DAS, recorded higher values of 100 grain weight, straw and grain yield of wheat. Significant difference in N, P and K concentration in leaves and grain of maize plant were observed due to different levels and splitting of N application. In general, N, P and K% were increased with increasing the N fertilizers levels up to 120 kg N fed-1 with split to 2 doses, and 150 kg N fed-1 with split to 4 doses. Under the same conditions of the experiment, it can be recommended to add the nitrogen fertilizer at 120 kg N fed-1 in four doses as 40, 20, 20 and 20% after 14, 28, 48, 56 DAS, which gave the best result of quantity and quality of the maize cultivated on sandy clay loam soil.

A plastic bags trial was conducted at the Agric. Experimental Station of Mansoura University using sandy soil to study the effect of chicken manure levels (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 tons/fed) and gypsum rates (0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 tons/fed ) on nutrients uptake and yield of sugar beet plant irrigated with saline water. The experiment was conducted in a spilt plot design with three replicates during the two successive seasons 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 The Obtained results indicated that the yield of sugar beet roots increased significantly by adding chicken manure over the control. The highest level (20 tons/fed) gave 289.9 and 327.1 g/plant during first and second season, respectively. Also, the highest gypsum rate increased significantly root yield to be 307.15 and 341.77 g/plant during first and second season, respectively. Also, elements uptake such as N,P,K and Na were increased significantly over control due to supplying with either chicken manure or gypsum to a sandy soil. The same trend was found with the interaction effect of both treatments. Also, It could be recognized that chicken manure gave relatively higher increase in some characters than gypsum treatments.Data also revealed that root quality parameters such as SC%, TSS%, purity and sugar yield significantly increased with chicken manure over the control by 26.67% and 27.86 for TSS%, 18.96% and 18.74% for SC% and 77.39 and 79.98 g/plant for sugar yield in the 1 st and 2 nd season, respectively. Whereas, purity as a quality parameter significantly decreased with increasing chicken manure and gypsum treatments due to uneventually increasing for Sc% and TSS% which was not in a harmony which reflecting in decreasing purity.Generally, the interaction between chicken manure and gypsum revealed that the high rate of both chicken manure and gypsum treatments gave the highest root yield, elements uptake (N,P,K and Na) and sugar yield.

There is a debate concerning the optimum time of phosphorus application under Egyptian soil conditions. For this purpose, a laboratory incubation experiment was carried out at Soils Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University to determine the inorganic phosphorus forms (Olsen-P, Ca-P, Oc-P, Al-P and Fe-P) in calcareous and non-calcareous (alluvial ) soil types after different times of incubation. Phosphorus was applied at rates of 10, 20 and 30 mg / kg soil. Inorganic phosphorus forms was determined in both soils at the beginning of the experiment (at zero time of phosphorus application), and after one, two, three, four and five weeks from application. Results indicated that inorganic phosphorus forms increased with increasing phosphorus application rate. Available phosphorus form recorded the highest value after the immediate phosphorus application. Available phosphorus concentration decreased gradually over the time to reach the lowest value after the fifth week of application. On the other hand, the other precipitated phosphorus forms were increased over the time of application. Available P form was converted to unavailable P forms in the order Ca-P> Oc-P>Al-P>Fe-P. Results also showed that the fixation power of the calcareous soil was higher than the non-calcareous soil. Based on the obtained results of our experiment, it is recommended to add phosphorus fertilizers at the critical stage of phosphorus needed by plants.

To evaluate the effect of the Mediterranean sea on some soil chemical and physical properties of Dumyat Governorate, nineteen soil profiles (1 Km apart)were studied. Soil samples were taken from each profile at four depths, (0-30, 30-60, 60-90 and 90-120 cm). The obtained results can be summarized in:  Very little differences were found between layers of each profile (1-3) in coarse sand. In the fourth and fifth profiles the highest values (24.72 and 18.13 %) of coarse sand were observed in layer c (60-90cm). Coarse sand of profiles 6 to 19 was very little, where it did not exceeds than 2.65 % (means of layers of each profiles).  Fine sand is the predominant component of soil profiles from 1 to 5. The positive correlation were found between fine sand in each layer and the distance from the sea (profile 6-19 data), where the correlation coefficient are 0.70, 0.63, 0.63,and 0.41.  Silt content was increased with increasing the distance up to 22.65 % in profile 5. Silt content of profiles 6-19 are ranged from 20.61% to 48.42% where the highest value for profile 6. The highest value of clay percentage (86.86%) was found in profile 7 at the depth of 60-90 cm.  Soil organic matter content tend to be high in profiles 6-19 , where it is amounted by 0.36 % (layers mean of profile 19) at the farthest point from the sea and 0.46 % at the nearest point from the sea (layers mean of profile 6). In most cases of profiles 6-19 soil organic matter contents were higher in surface layer.  Total carbonates of the heavy textured soils (from 6-19) lie in the normal range of total carbonate of delta soil (1.42% layers mean of profile 11 and 4.42 5 means of profile 14). In most cases the second layers have the highest amount of total carbonate compared with the other layers.  The obtained results of saturation percentage of soils nearest the sea are high (33.5 to 40.2 %) compared with the other soil lie in the same textured class. This due to the dominance of very fine sand and silt in soil particles and to the higher soil salinity level.  Soil pH of layer A and B was increased with increasing the distance from the sea in the two groups of profiles. Where the pH of layers C and D was decrease with increasing distance in the first group of profiles (1-5) then increased with increasing distance in the second group (profile 6-19).  The relation between cation exchange capacity of the studied soils and thier clay content was explained by the following equation y = 0.9984x + 8.7467.  No constant trend was found in exchangeable sodium percentage with increasing the distance from the sea up to 5 km in A, B, and C layer where in layer D the exchangeable sodium percentage was increased with increasing the distance up to 4 km then decreased. This decrease may be due to presence of drain beside.