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Low cost protein/energy rich weaning foods suitable as supplements to human milk that satisfy the nutritional requirements for 6-12 month infants were designed for the Egyptian market. Three formulas were optimized with Brill Formulation Sofhvare using FAOMHO weaning food recommendations. Selected least cost formulations included: Formula #I: 38.5 % wheat flour, 19.4% cowpea flour, 14.8% sesameflour, 15% NFDM, 7.3% cottonseed oil and 5% sucrose; Formula #2: 23.3% wheat flour, 35.1 % cowpea flour, 21.6% sesame seeds, 15 % N m M and 5 % sucrose; Formula #3: 29.9 % wheat flour, 35% cowpea jlour, 16.6% sesame jlour, 5.25 % NFDM, 7.9% cotton seed oil and 5 % sucrose. Each formula contained about 20% protein, 400 Kca1/100 g and sufJicient amounts of essential amino acids. The extrusion process did not afsect the nutrient composition of the weaning food formulas. 'To whom for correspondence should be sent. Journal of Food Quality 18 (1995) 295-312. All Rights Reserved. Vopyright I995 by Food & Nutrition Press, Inc., Trumbull, Connecticut. 295 296 M. EL-HABASHY E T A .

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Background: Tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) is the second most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). Up to 50% after treatment complicated with pleural thickening. Pleural biopsy has been considered the gold standard in diagnosis of TPE but it is invasive, so that pleural fluid markers of TPE have been extensively evaluated as an alternative to pleural biopsy. Thoracentesis for measuring these fluid markers is important.Aim: Assessing the value of diagnostic thoracentesis (by measuring pleural adenosine deaminase levels) and role of therapeutic thoracentesis in preventing pleural thickening.Subjects and methods: 10 cases with transudative pleural effusion and 45 cases with already diagnosed exudative effusion (30 cases of TPE, and 15 cases of Malignant PE) were included. 50 ml pleural fluid samples were aspirated and sent for measuring ADA levels. The 30 cases of TPE were classified into 2 equal groups the 1st group started 6 months anti tuberculous therapy plus repeated thoracentesis while the 2nd started anti tuberculous therapy only. Chest CT scan was done after 2 and 6 months for assessment of pleural effusion and pleural thickening.Results: Patients with tuberculous pleural effusion had higher pleural effusion ADA levels (mean ± SD 68.51 ± 24.06) than those with malignant pleural effusion (mean ± SD 25.47 ± 12.09) or transudative pleural effusion (mean ± SD 16.58 ± 2.93) and these levels had highly a significant difference (P-value <0.001). Also, there was a significant difference (P-value <0.05) between levels of ADA in malignant and transudative pleural effusion. Using a cut-off point of the pleural fluid ADA (30.49 IU/L) with AUC of 96.7 (sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 84%, NPV 88%, PPV 95% and accuracy 91%) discrimination between tuberculous and other causes of pleural effusion occurred. Regarding the pleural thickening, after 2 months of ttt, in group I, 3 cases developed pleural thickening, while in group II, 9 cases developed thickening. After 6 months, there was one case of pleural thickening in group I, while in group II, 5 cases developed pleural thickening. And there was a significant difference (P value <0.05) between both groups, after 2 and 6 months of treatment.

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