The main aim of our study was to determine the physiological function of NagA enzyme in the Listeria monocytogenes cell. The primary structure of the murein of L. monocytogenes is very similar to that of Escherichia coli, the main differences being amidation of diaminopimelic acid and partial de-N-acetylation of glucosamine residues. NagA is needed for the deacetylation of N-acetyl-glucosamine-6 phosphate to glucosamine-6 phosphate and acetate. Analysis of the L. monocytogenes genome reveals the presence of two proteins with NagA domain, Lmo0956 and Lmo2108, which are cytoplasmic putative proteins. We introduced independent mutations into the structural genes for the two proteins. In-depth characterization of one of these mutants, MN1, deficient in protein Lmo0956 revealed strikingly altered cell morphology, strongly reduced cell wall murein content and decreased sensitivity to cell wall hydrolase, mutanolysin and peptide antibiotic, colistin. The gene products of operon 150, consisting of three genes: lmo0956, lmo0957, and lmo0958, are necessary for the cytosolic steps of the amino-sugar-recycling pathway. The cytoplasmic de-N-acetylase Lmo0956 of L. monocytogenes is required for cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acid biosynthesis and is also essential for bacterial cell growth, cell division, and sensitivity to cell wall hydrolases and peptide antibiotics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00203-011-0752-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

are employees of Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group. P. Piatkowski and L. Choniawko are employees of Roche Pharmaceuticals. M. Jakubczak is an employee of Ardigen, Inc. A. Starr is an employee of Insitro, Inc.

Since 1982 the term "financial econometrics" has been present in the enormous literature that covers both methodologies and empirical analyses of the processes observed on the financial markets. The purpose of the presented paper is to indicate the milestones in financial econometrics and their usefulness and to show the contribution of the research from Poland into its development. 'Pure' financial econometrics methods are of special interest. The paper is directed at reviewing the recent methodologies and their applications. We focused on the contribution of Polish researchers into financial econometrics over the years, considering both the methodology and the applications. Some of the indicated publications are cited quite often, including international quotations, others are not very popular due to the language of the publication or the local reach of the journal, although many of them can be considered in line with the achievements that are presented in international empirical publications.

Z a r y s t r e ś c i. W ostatnich latach obserwowany jest silny wzrost zainteresowania dziedziną finansów behawioralnych. Wskazywane jest coraz większe znaczenie wpływu inklinacji behawioralnych na proces podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych. Artykuł dotyczy weryfikacji wybranych elementów teorii finansów behawioralnych, na podstawie badania ankietowego, z wykorzystaniem modelu równań strukturalnych (SEM). Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i opis nieobserwowalnych inklinacji behawioralnych oraz weryfikacja hipotezy badawczej o ich wpływie na skłonność do ryzyka inwestorów indywidualnych. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e : modele równań strukturalnych (SEM), finanse behawioralne, inklinacje behawioralne, skłonność do ryzyka, analiza bootstrap.

The concept of causality formulated in 1969 by C.W.J. Granger is mostly popular in the econometric literature. The central assumption of the concept is the fact that the cause precedes the effect and can help in forecasting the effect. Years of application of Granger causality idea have resulted in many misunderstandings related with the interpretation of the empirical findings. The paper focuses on systematization of the definitions based on Granger concept and their proper interpretation.

The purpose of this paper is to identify the determinants of both the Gross National Product (GNP) growth in Ireland in the long term and the fluctuations around it in the short term using the Threshold Error Correction Model (TECM). The GNP aggregate has been selected as a measure of economic growth because it allows to omit the influence of international companies located in Ireland on the global production level. A TECM approach has been selected for analysis as it is an appropriate tool for the effective modeling of different regimes of growth around the long run which is assumed to be stable. The time series (in levels and in logs) exhibited both non-stationarity and structural breaks. It was possible to find out the determinants of growth in the long as well as short run and the threshold variables that extracted the period of intense economic growth. The best empirical models were obtained with the following thresholds: the GDP deflator and the net exports. The results have been a subject of validation for their robustness.

Brazil, Russia, China, India, and the Republic of South Africa (BRICS) represent developing economies facing different energy and economic development challenges. The current study aims to predict energy consumption in BRICS at aggregate and disaggregate levels using the annual time series data set from 1992 to 2019 and to compare results obtained from a set of models. The time-series data are from the British Petroleum (BP-2019) Statistical Review of World Energy. The forecasting methodology bases on a novel Fractional-order Grey Model (FGM) with different order parameters. This study contributes to the literature by comparing the forecasting accuracy and the predictive ability of the with traditional ones, like standard and models. Moreover, it illustrates the view of BRICS’s nexus of energy consumption at aggregate and disaggregates levels using the latest available data set, which will provide a reliable and broader perspective. The Diebold-Mariano test results confirmed the equal predictive ability of for a specific range of order parameters and the model and the usefulness of both approaches for energy consumption efficient forecasting.

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