The main aim of our study was to determine the physiological function of NagA enzyme in the Listeria monocytogenes cell. The primary structure of the murein of L. monocytogenes is very similar to that of Escherichia coli, the main differences being amidation of diaminopimelic acid and partial de-N-acetylation of glucosamine residues. NagA is needed for the deacetylation of N-acetyl-glucosamine-6 phosphate to glucosamine-6 phosphate and acetate. Analysis of the L. monocytogenes genome reveals the presence of two proteins with NagA domain, Lmo0956 and Lmo2108, which are cytoplasmic putative proteins. We introduced independent mutations into the structural genes for the two proteins. In-depth characterization of one of these mutants, MN1, deficient in protein Lmo0956 revealed strikingly altered cell morphology, strongly reduced cell wall murein content and decreased sensitivity to cell wall hydrolase, mutanolysin and peptide antibiotic, colistin. The gene products of operon 150, consisting of three genes: lmo0956, lmo0957, and lmo0958, are necessary for the cytosolic steps of the amino-sugar-recycling pathway. The cytoplasmic de-N-acetylase Lmo0956 of L. monocytogenes is required for cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acid biosynthesis and is also essential for bacterial cell growth, cell division, and sensitivity to cell wall hydrolases and peptide antibiotics.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00203-011-0752-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
are employees of Genentech, Inc., a member of the Roche Group. P. Piatkowski and L. Choniawko are employees of Roche Pharmaceuticals. M. Jakubczak is an employee of Ardigen, Inc. A. Starr is an employee of Insitro, Inc.
Since 1982 the term "financial econometrics" has been present in the enormous literature that covers both methodologies and empirical analyses of the processes observed on the financial markets. The purpose of the presented paper is to indicate the milestones in financial econometrics and their usefulness and to show the contribution of the research from Poland into its development. 'Pure' financial econometrics methods are of special interest. The paper is directed at reviewing the recent methodologies and their applications. We focused on the contribution of Polish researchers into financial econometrics over the years, considering both the methodology and the applications. Some of the indicated publications are cited quite often, including international quotations, others are not very popular due to the language of the publication or the local reach of the journal, although many of them can be considered in line with the achievements that are presented in international empirical publications.
Z a r y s t r e ś c i. W ostatnich latach obserwowany jest silny wzrost zainteresowania dziedziną finansów behawioralnych. Wskazywane jest coraz większe znaczenie wpływu inklinacji behawioralnych na proces podejmowania decyzji inwestycyjnych. Artykuł dotyczy weryfikacji wybranych elementów teorii finansów behawioralnych, na podstawie badania ankietowego, z wykorzystaniem modelu równań strukturalnych (SEM). Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i opis nieobserwowalnych inklinacji behawioralnych oraz weryfikacja hipotezy badawczej o ich wpływie na skłonność do ryzyka inwestorów indywidualnych. S ł o w a k l u c z o w e : modele równań strukturalnych (SEM), finanse behawioralne, inklinacje behawioralne, skłonność do ryzyka, analiza bootstrap.
The concept of causality formulated in 1969 by C.W.J. Granger is mostly popular in the econometric literature. The central assumption of the concept is the fact that the cause precedes the effect and can help in forecasting the effect. Years of application of Granger causality idea have resulted in many misunderstandings related with the interpretation of the empirical findings. The paper focuses on systematization of the definitions based on Granger concept and their proper interpretation.
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