Hybridization is the process on interbreeding between individuals of different species or genetically divergent individuals from the same species to produce new progenies with their uniqueness and differences, involving in Vanda. Aim of this research was to explore genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and genetic advance of progenies derived from hybridization of Vanda ‘Adrienne’ × Ascocenda ‘Peggy Foo’ with Vanda malinii × Vanda denisoniana Benson & Rchb.f, and to find best characters used for selection. The experiment was conducted at Segunung Experimental Garden of Indonesian Ornamental Crop Research Institute (IOCRI) on altitude of 1100 m above sea level from June 2013 until December 2016. Thirteen genotypes derived from hybridization of V. ‘Adrienne’ × A. ‘Peggy Foo’ with V. malinii × V. denisoniana of 1A, 2A, 21A, 27A, 50A, 52A, 98A, 101A, 102A, 113A, 116A, 120A, and 120B were used in the study. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results of the study indicated that range of genetic variability was varied from 1.2-184.7% with wide genetic variability determined on number of leaves per plant (NLP) up to 26.5% with 184.7% for leaf width (LW) and 24.7% for spike length (SL). Moderate heritability of 25.2% for NLP, 21.0% for LW and 25.2% for SL coupled with high genetic advance percent of mean up to 59.7% for NLP, 939.7% for LW and 33% for SL, reflecting the presence and expression of additive gene action of these traits. The results indicated the importance of these three characters best used as selection criteria for Vanda genotypes.

Phalaenopsis is of high economic value and market demand in Indonesia; however, orchid products are mostly imported from other countries. ‘Kristina Dwi’ (KD) 69.274 and ‘Dedeh’ (D) 802.28 are two selected clones with high potential utilized and developed commercially. To support their commercialization, a reliable in vitro propagation protocol is essential.  In the current study, an in vitro mass propagation protocol for KD 69.274 and D 802.28 clones was successfully established using shoot tips as explant sources. A high number of embryos, up to 8.2 embryos per explant, with 58.5% explant regeneration, and 3.5 regenerated-explants in average were regenerated from shoot tips of KD 69.274 clone cultured on  half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with full strength micro, Fe-chellate and vitamin containing 0.5 mg/L thidiazuruon (TDZ) and 0.25 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA). The initial embryos were proliferated by culturing embryos individually on half-strength MS medium with 0.13 mg/L TDZ and 0.25 mg/L BA and resulted in high embryo regeneration up to 91.4%, with 10.2 embryos per explant and no embryo browning. The embryos were multiplied under periodical subcultures of 3 months each, resulting in gradual increasing number of embryos from the first subculture till the fifth subculture, with 23.6 embryos produced, then declined afterward. The embryos were easily germinated on half-strength MS medium with full strength of vitamin and hormone free, with 73.9% embryo germination and 14.9 germinated embryos. Healthy plantlets were stimulated on the same medium with 2 g/L activated charcoal (AC) and successfully acclimatized on Cycas rumphii bulk, with 88.3% survival plantlets. Finally, it can be summarized that a new in vitro mass propagation protocol, as new alternative choice for Phalaenopsis propagation, was successfully established.

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Abstract. Wegadara M, Dewanti M, Diningsih E, Rachmawati F, Sukma D, Sudarsono. 2022. Genetic diversity based on SSR markers of 30 Aeridinaesub-tribe orchid genetic resources of Indonesian Ornamental Crop Research Institute, Cianjur, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 2943-2956. Advances in molecular biotechnology encourage molecular markers to identify plant diversity to become increasingly common. Using SSR markers, this study will determine the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 30 accessions from five parental genera of Aeridinaeorchids from the IOCRI genetic resource collection. Molecular characterization of 30 orchid sub-tribes Aeridinaegenetic resources of IOCRI was carried out using 17 polymorphic SSR markers. The resulting binary data was then analyzed using the GenAlEX program to determine Na, Ne, Ho, He, and the PowerMarker V3.25 program to determine the values of MAF, D, and PIC. Molecular characterization using 17 SSR primers generated 240 amplified DNA fragments across 30 accessions, with the fragment sizes ranging from 56-4818 bp. Factorial analysis (PCoA) and phylogenetic tree construction clustered the 30 Aeridinae accessions into three major clusters. Accessions belonging to the Vanda genus are clustered into three clusters (Clusters I, II, and III). The Vascostylisis in Cluster I, along with 12 Vanda accessions. Two accessions of Vanda, two Aranthera, three Arachnis, and one Aerides genera are clustered into Cluster III. This study showed that interspecific hybrids among accessions of Vanda within Cluster I and Cluster II should be possible since they are genetically closely related. Intergeneric hybrids among the accession of Vascostylis and Vanda's genera belonging to Cluster I, should also be possible. Furthermore, intergeneric hybrids among Aerides, Arachnis, Aranthera, and Vanda accessions within Cluster III should also be possible. The generated data from this study should be helpful for future Aeridinae breeding activities intended to generate new hybrid varieties.

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