Phalaenopsis is of high economic value and market demand in Indonesia; however, orchid products are mostly imported from other countries. ‘Kristina Dwi’ (KD) 69.274 and ‘Dedeh’ (D) 802.28 are two selected clones with high potential utilized and developed commercially. To support their commercialization, a reliable in vitro propagation protocol is essential. In the current study, an in vitro mass propagation protocol for KD 69.274 and D 802.28 clones was successfully established using shoot tips as explant sources. A high number of embryos, up to 8.2 embryos per explant, with 58.5% explant regeneration, and 3.5 regenerated-explants in average were regenerated from shoot tips of KD 69.274 clone cultured on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, with full strength micro, Fe-chellate and vitamin containing 0.5 mg/L thidiazuruon (TDZ) and 0.25 mg/L N6-benzyladenine (BA). The initial embryos were proliferated by culturing embryos individually on half-strength MS medium with 0.13 mg/L TDZ and 0.25 mg/L BA and resulted in high embryo regeneration up to 91.4%, with 10.2 embryos per explant and no embryo browning. The embryos were multiplied under periodical subcultures of 3 months each, resulting in gradual increasing number of embryos from the first subculture till the fifth subculture, with 23.6 embryos produced, then declined afterward. The embryos were easily germinated on half-strength MS medium with full strength of vitamin and hormone free, with 73.9% embryo germination and 14.9 germinated embryos. Healthy plantlets were stimulated on the same medium with 2 g/L activated charcoal (AC) and successfully acclimatized on Cycas rumphii bulk, with 88.3% survival plantlets. Finally, it can be summarized that a new in vitro mass propagation protocol, as new alternative choice for Phalaenopsis propagation, was successfully established.
Kalimantan acid sulphate land has the potential to be developed into productive land, with good land optimization. Utilization of rhizosphere microorganism diversity, especially mold can potentially provide a solution in optimizing agricultural land, namely the ability to produce extracellular enzymes. This study aims to determine the potential of mold originating from acid sulphate fields in producing extracellular enzymes (pectinase, chitinase, glucanase, cellulase, and phosphatase). The study was conducted in June-July 2019 at the Microbiology Laboratory, Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development. Screening of extracellular enzyme-producing fungi was carried out on selection media. The results obtained by some isolates have the ability to produce extracellular enzymes. Indications of the ability of mold to produce extracellular enzymes are the presence of clear zones in the selection medium. In pectinase, chitinase and glucanase testing all isolates showed negative results. Potential isolates in producing extracellular enzymes include Penicillium sp. Paddy 4.1 (cellulolytic index 2.43), Clonostachys sp. KRMT 17.9 and Penicillium singorense KLK 13.7 (proteolytic indices 3.97 and 3,00, respectively). The difference in index values indicates the variation in the level of enzyme activity.
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