(Bt) is a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium exploited worldwide in successful insect pest management programs. The present study aimed at resolving the diversity status and genetic structure of Bt isolates collected from unique and native ecological niche, north-western Indian Himalayas.Forty five ( ) isolates native to Uttarakhand, India were analyzed for their genetic diversity using Arbitrary Primed-Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR) patterns (ERIC1, ERIC2, BOX and GTG) and gyrase ( ) sequences.Amongst the AP-PCR patterns, ERIC and BOX primers clearly indicated the genetic inconsistency of by differentiating low and high hill isolates with unique banding pattern. A dendrogram generated showed fastidious clustering with coexistence of attitudinally related strains, indicating the genetic relatedness with respect to geographical proximity. The (285 bp) dependent phylogeny of seven selected isolates revealed their genetic proximity with different serovars.The present study demonstrates that ERIC and BOX-PCR can be used in establishment of geographical variation and in phylogenetic relatedness with serovars. Genetic relatedness between isolates was found to be a function of geographical proximity.
Abstract:Varroa destructor is a dangerous pest directly for beekeeping and indirectly for crops that require insect pollination. The present investigation has been carried out to study the efficacy and persistence of some essential oils and formic acid against Varroa mite in colonies of Apis mellifera Linn. at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The results revealed that highest mite mortality (77.54 %) with highest brood development (21.74 % increase) recorded in garlic oil followed by turmeric oil (75.84 %) with 15.39 per cent increases in brood development. The hives treated withT 1 (tulsi oil), T 3 (turmeric oil), T 4 (ajwin oil), T 5 (cinnamon oil), T 5 (clove oil) and T 7 (formic acid) also showed good persistence with mite mortality ranging from 66.54 to 77.54 % and brood development -3.12 to 21.74 per cent increase after 3 weeks exposure of the treatments.
Pollinators provide key services to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural productivity depends, in part on pollinator populations from adjacent semi natural habitats.The diversity and abundance of different insect visitors on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were studied at Pantnagar. A total of 12 insect visitors belonging to order Hymenoptera (9), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (1), and Coleoptera (1) were observed visiting the blossom of sunflower. The abundance (percentage of insect/m 2 /2min.) of Hymenopterans were maximum (86.09 %) followed by the Dipterans (22.80 %) and others (3.87%). In Hymenopterans, the honeybees (Apis bees) were observed maximum (65.22 %) followed by non Apis bees (20.39 %) and the scolid wasp (1.69 %).
All the flours were mixed with honey and water to make a total of 4 treatments (4 flours + honey + water). Treatment T 1 (Soybean flour + honey + water) were found to be best in reference to visitation of bees with a mean number of 32.59 honey bee foragers /5min/day and weight loss in flours was 19.12 g due to foraging by bees followed by the treatment T 3 (Maize flour + honey + water) and T 2 (Wheat flour + honey + water) were found 29.30 and 23.05, respectively. Gram flour + honey + water (T 4 ) combination were found to be least preferred pollen substitute for A. mellifera (19.76 honey bee foragers/5min/day) with a weight loss 6.66 g. The overall study has great significance for bee keepers. The use of pollen substitute is important for growth and development of the bee colonies not only in dearth periods but also at other times (during foraging, pollination process and to overcome pesticide exposures.). From the present findings it can be concluded that although bees have accepted and grew on all the diets.
Eleven chickpea varieties were screened for their biochemical resistance to the pulse beetle (Callosobruchus chinensis L.), a serious pest of the stored pulses. The varieties were found to arrest the growth and development of C. chinensis, at grub stages which were indicated by different parameters viz., oviposition, adult emergence, weight loss, developmental period and growth index. Among the various biochemical analyzed, high growth index was observed in the varieties PKG 2 (0.61), BG 1003 (0.62), BG 1053 (0.62) and PKG 1 (0.71). Low growth index recorded in PG 3 (0.52), BGM 547 and PG 186 (0.56) may be attributed to low phenol and tannin content. Similarly the varieties PKG 1, BG 1003 and BG 1053 with less phenol, flavonoids and tannin content recorded more growth index as compared to moderate resistance varieties PG 4, PBG 1 and PG 114 PBG 1, BGM 547 and PG 114 were found to be moderately resistant and PKG 1, PKG 2, BG 1053 and BG 1003 as highly susceptible, shows the major role of trypsin inhibitor in protein resistance to C. chinensis. The highest protease activity inhibition acts as antimetabolites to C. chinensis, inhibit to the feeding of grubs as result higher trypsin content varieties showed relative resistance. The correlation between different antinutritional factors and growth index of the grub also showed a negative relationship.
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