(Bt) is a ubiquitous pathogenic bacterium exploited worldwide in successful insect pest management programs. The present study aimed at resolving the diversity status and genetic structure of Bt isolates collected from unique and native ecological niche, north-western Indian Himalayas.Forty five ( ) isolates native to Uttarakhand, India were analyzed for their genetic diversity using Arbitrary Primed-Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR) patterns (ERIC1, ERIC2, BOX and GTG) and gyrase ( ) sequences.Amongst the AP-PCR patterns, ERIC and BOX primers clearly indicated the genetic inconsistency of by differentiating low and high hill isolates with unique banding pattern. A dendrogram generated showed fastidious clustering with coexistence of attitudinally related strains, indicating the genetic relatedness with respect to geographical proximity. The (285 bp) dependent phylogeny of seven selected isolates revealed their genetic proximity with different serovars.The present study demonstrates that ERIC and BOX-PCR can be used in establishment of geographical variation and in phylogenetic relatedness with serovars. Genetic relatedness between isolates was found to be a function of geographical proximity.
Abstract:Varroa destructor is a dangerous pest directly for beekeeping and indirectly for crops that require insect pollination. The present investigation has been carried out to study the efficacy and persistence of some essential oils and formic acid against Varroa mite in colonies of Apis mellifera Linn. at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand. The results revealed that highest mite mortality (77.54 %) with highest brood development (21.74 % increase) recorded in garlic oil followed by turmeric oil (75.84 %) with 15.39 per cent increases in brood development. The hives treated withT 1 (tulsi oil), T 3 (turmeric oil), T 4 (ajwin oil), T 5 (cinnamon oil), T 5 (clove oil) and T 7 (formic acid) also showed good persistence with mite mortality ranging from 66.54 to 77.54 % and brood development -3.12 to 21.74 per cent increase after 3 weeks exposure of the treatments.
Pollinators provide key services to both natural and agricultural ecosystems. Agricultural productivity depends, in part on pollinator populations from adjacent semi natural habitats.The diversity and abundance of different insect visitors on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were studied at Pantnagar. A total of 12 insect visitors belonging to order Hymenoptera (9), Diptera (1), Lepidoptera (1), and Coleoptera (1) were observed visiting the blossom of sunflower. The abundance (percentage of insect/m 2 /2min.) of Hymenopterans were maximum (86.09 %) followed by the Dipterans (22.80 %) and others (3.87%). In Hymenopterans, the honeybees (Apis bees) were observed maximum (65.22 %) followed by non Apis bees (20.39 %) and the scolid wasp (1.69 %).
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