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The intention of this article is to demonstrate, within the framework of cognitive linguistics (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980a), how slang words associated with substance abuse are conceptualized via metaphors. This study analyses recreational drug slang terms found in the Drug Slang Dictionary in order to reveal categories of metaphors involved in drug users’ language. The results of the data analysis effectively reveal that, within a thematic approach, classes of metaphor are coded to enable connections between metaphorical concepts and drug addicts’ physiological experiences in order to present their personal meanings and cognitive processes. The study also involves drug addicts’ narratives to identify conceptual metaphors in their experiences. Notably, it is argued within this research that figurative language use is also connected to the cultural background of users to a great extent.

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Development of the walking ability and self-care of patients with Down syndrome is affected by their body weight determining their lifestyle to a great extent. Objectives: The study aimed at the determination of body mass index for persons living in residential institutions and families, exploration its impact on walking and self-care as two, objective factors of life quality. Method: Data collection of persons aged 3-35 with Down syndrome living in families covered seven counties, while those of living in residential institutions covered thirteen counties in Hungary. In the 183 cases studied 76 people in residential institutions, 107 people lived in families. The cross-sectional study was processed by non-random sample selection. The questionnaires were filled out by health visitors and care takers edited by their own. Results: 50.6% of adults and 26.1% of children belonged to the overweight or obese category. Their residence showed a significant correlation with the body mass index (p< 0.001). Overweight and obese persons in families, while thin ones were more prevalent in institutions. Regarding the walking ability and self-care of the persons living in families a significantly higher level of development was achieved (p< 0.001). Walking ability (p = 0.001) and self-care (p = 0,008) were worsened by less body weight significantly, while overweight or obesity influenced it less negatively. Discussion: The claim is not further acceptable whereas persons with Down syndrome are more prone to obesity than average people. However unfavourable weight gain in adults draws attention to the necessity to a healthy diet and regular exercise. The people living in residential institutions with significantly lower body mass index and the associated low development of walking ability and self-care envisages an urgent reform of residential institutions. Life in the institutions negatively affects the walking ability and self-care, and thus significantly reduces the quality of life of persons with Down's syndrome.

SummaryBackground. Obesity and a sedentary way of life play an important part in public health in Hungary. This phenomenon is becoming more and more serious not only in adults but also children. Adults' health behaviour is greatly affected by the existence or absence of health awareness. Regular exercising in association with general fitness form an integral part of health awareness. Our objective is to demonstrate the nutrition and fitness status of students in higher education with a comprehensive test. Material and methods. Beside general factors affecting health, such as BMI, skeletal muscle, body fat, visceral fat percentage, participants performed practical tasks which provided data of their stamina, muscular strength and fitness status: (1) a 15/20-minute shuttle run, (2) a scheduled abdominal muscle test (3) manual clamping force measurement (4) a scheduled push up test (5) a standing long-jump test, and (6) a flexibility test. Results. According to our survey, young adults' nutrition status was satisfactory, two third of them had normal BMI. Left manual clamping force and trunk stretching force in men, stamina and explosive power in women were significantly determined by BMI classification. Basing on these results, we can state that body weight has no effect on joint mobility. Conclusions. The present study draws attention to several former conclusions which suggest that more efforts are needed in higher education to improve health promotion of the youth. Introduction of compulsory physical education classes might facilitate further research which may follow-up the changes in the fitness status of young people.Keywords: physical fitness, physical endurance, students, physical activity, motor skills Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Otyłość i siedzący tryb życia stanowią ważną aspekt zdrowia publicznego na Węgrzech. Zjawisko to staje się coraz poważniejszym problemem nie tylko wśród dorosłych, ale i wśród dzieci. W istotnym stopniu wpływa na to zachowanie zdrowotne osób dorosłych, które charakteryzuje niska świadomość zdrowotna. Regularne ćwiczenia w połączeniu z ogólnymi formami fitness stanowią integralną część świadomości zdrowotnej. Naszym celem jest wykazanie stanu odżywienia i sprawności studentów szkół wyższych poprzez kompleksowy system testowy. Materiał i metody. Oprócz ogólnych czynników wpływających na zdrowie, takich jak BMI, mięśnie szkieletowe, tkanki tłuszczowej, tkanki tłuszczowej, uczestnicy wykonali zadania, które dostarczyły danych o ich wytrzymałości, sile mięśni, stanie sprawności: (1) 15/20-minutowy bieg (2) test mięśni brzucha (3) ręczny pomiar siły nacisku (4) test naciskowy (5) test długiego skoku (6) test elastyczności. Wyniki. Naszym zdaniem, poziom odżywiania młodych ludzi był zadowalający, dwie trzecie z nich miało normalne wskaźniki BMI. Siła zaciskowa lewej ręki i siła rozciągania tułowia u mężczyzn, wytrzymałość i siła wykopu u kobiet w znacznym stopniu pokrywały się ze wskaźnikami klasyfikacji BMI. Możemy zatem wnioskować, że masa ciała nie wpływa na ogólną mobilność. Wnioski. N...

Background Osteoporosis is one of the most common chronic musculoskeletal diseases. Osteoporosis-related knowledge is an important contributor in to prevent osteoporosis. There is no validated reliable questionnaire to measure the knowledge in Hungary. The aim of the study was to validate the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool (OKAT) Hungarian version. Methods The research was a randomized validation study of a new Hungarian language instrument. The questionnaire was administered to 557 randomly selected healthy women (age between 25 and 44 years) from December 2018 to July 2019 in Baranya county, Hungary. The reliability was examined by the Flesch reading ease and McNemar’s test. We examined item discrimination and item-total correlations, inter-item consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficient) and principal component factor analysis. Results Significant differences (p <  0.001) were reported between total scores and the age categories. Significant (p <  0.001) correlation (r = 0.25) was found between the education level and the knowledge. Significantly (p <  0.001) higher knowledge were found in health care profession (14.53 ± 3.58) than the non-health care profession (9.99 ± 4.04). Participants with osteoporosis or fracture in family history had better knowledge (p <  0.001). Flesch reading ease was 44, the questionnaire had a Ferguson’s sigma of 0.94 and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.81. There were no negative inter-item correlations psychometric properties of the OKAT, all items had more than 70% of correlations (p <  0.001). Conclusions The Hungarian version of the Osteoporosis Knowledge Assessment Tool is a reliable and objective questionnaire to measure women’s knowledge in Hungary.

The study makes an attempt to analyze cognitive models of metaphor and humor developed by Fauconnier and Turner (1994) and Attardo and Raskin (1991). Although metaphor and humor are different categories, their cognitive models demonstrate similarities which may create a joint category, metaphorical humor. The study focuses on the coexistence of metaphorical and humorous characteristics in a single expression taken from medical slang. Similarities between the metaphor and humor can be found in the analogies and implications between the contrasting conceptual domains. The difference between the metaphor and humor lies only in the weights of between-and within-domain relationships (Hillson & Martin 1994). The aim of the paper is to show that the existence of humor and metaphor in a single phrase may reveal common cognitive processes in the creation of metaphorical humor.

A739 adhered to, transparency issues remain. In contrast, clinical-effectiveness guidance is vague and compliance is very low which appears to be currently unrecognised as an issue. Therefore, a more stringent approach is needed when assessing PRO data within HTA, to ensure accurate measurement of treatment effectiveness to inform better decision making.