Core Ideas Dividing a tillering N application into tillering and heading reduced wheat yield. Additional late‐season N application increased wheat protein concentration and dough quality. Late‐season N applications are economically unfit unless there is a reward for protein. Wheat yield and quality response to N management was similar across cultivars. There are opportunities to improve N management for wheat yield and quality in Southern Brazil. Nitrogen supply, environment, and cultivar determine yield and dough properties of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, the effects of broadcasting N fertilizer at heading, a growing practice in regions such as southern Brazil, have not been explored. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the current producer practice vs. alternative fertilizer N management strategies and (ii) quantify their interaction with cultivar and their effects on yield and its components and relevant dough properties. Field experiments were conducted using a complete factorial arrangement in a split‐plot design of three cultivars (main plots) and five N strategies (subplots) across three environments in southern Brazil. Overall, the current producer practice (all 70 kg N ha−1 applied at tillering) was appropriate to the targeted yield (3.5 Mg ha−1); splitting this fertilizer N rate into tillering and heading applications (either 35 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 35 kg N ha−1 on heading or 45 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 25 kg N ha−1 on heading) benefited protein concentration but reduced yield. Best N management resulted in the addition of one late‐season N application (70 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 23 kg N ha−1 on heading) positively impacting yield, protein concentration, dough extensibility, and alveogram index. In‐season N management is more relevant for grain quality than yield, more importantly if deductions from low protein are projected, or if premiums from increasing protein concentration exist, justifying a late‐season fertilizer N application.
A produção de sementes de alta qualidade fisiológica é um dos principais desafios para os produtores de sementes. Na busca de condicionadores de menor custo surge a possibilidade do uso de hidrocondicionamento, o qual consiste na hidratação controlada das sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do hidrocondicionamento em sementes de alface, repolho e tomate, submetidos a diferentes tempos de embebição em água. Foram utilizados oito períodos de hidrocondicionamento para as três espécies olerícolas, sendo que para cada uma das espécies foi conduzido um ensaio. Para a alface e repolho, os períodos testados foram 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 horas e para o tomate foram 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 e 168 horas. As sementes de cada tratamento foram submetidas ao teste de germinação e vigor, para determinar o potencial fisiológico. Para a cultura do tomate, as melhores respostas para o tempo médio de germinação, índice de velocidade de emergência e emergência a campo foram encontradas com 72 horas de embebição. Já para a cultura do repolho as melhores respostas para essas variáveis foram obtidas com 20 horas de embebição. A alface não respondeu de forma positiva aos tempos de embebição. Palavras-chave: Embebição, índice de velocidade de emergência, vigor. A B S T R A C TThe production of high quality physiological seed is a major challenge for seed producers. In the search for lower cost conditioners arises the possibility of using hydropriming, which consists of a controlled hydration of seeds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of this technique on lettuce, cabbage and tomato seeds, submitted to different times of imbibition in water. Eight periods of hydropriming in three vegetable crops were used, wherein for each of these was conducted a separate experiment. For lettuce and cabbage, periods tested were 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 hours and for tomato were of the periods 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours. The seeds of each treatment were submitted to the germination test and vigor to determine the physiological potential. For the tomato crop, the best answers to the average time of germination, emergence speed index and emergency field were found 72 hours of imbibition. As for the cabbage crop the best answers to these variables were obtained with 20 hours of imbibition. Lettuce did not respond positively to the imbibition times.
The study aimed to evaluate different sowing densities and row spacings on grain yield and biomass in the white lupine crop, cv. ‘Comum’. The experimental design was a randomized block in a 4 x 4 factorial scheme, with four row spacings (20, 40, 60 and 80 cm) and four sowing densities in the row (10, 15, 20 and 25 plants m-1), with four replicates. The evaluated variables were: grain yield, hundred-grain weight, fresh and dry matter and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant tissue. The highest grain yield was obtained with row spacing of 20 cm, regardless of plant density. The density of 25 plants m-1 and row spacing of 20 cm increased the fresh and dry matter yield. The adjustment of plant density and row spacing did not affect the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant tissue.
An uneven seed spacing in the sowing row increases the plants intraspecific competition for environmental resources, potentially lowering grain yields. This study aimed to assess the yield and yield components of common bean plants, as a function of coefficients of variation (0 %, 20 %, 40 % and 60 %) of seeds in the sowing row. The main yield components, plant traits and grain yield were evaluated. The yield component that best explains the seed spacing variability on grain yield is the number of grains per plant (r = 0.94). Grain yield declines linearly as the seed spacing variability increases: 81.5 kg ha-1 (4.4 %) for every 10 % increase in the coefficient of variation. Thus, a less longitudinal seed spacing variability contributes to achieving higher grain yields.
-Knowledge of spatial variability is an important factor to be considered in planning a program of soil sampling and crop management under precision agriculture (PA). In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of the dimensions of sampling grids used in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil to characterise the spatial variability of the attributes pH water , base saturation (V%), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels. The study was carried out on 30 agricultural sites located in the northern region of RS, having soils classified as Oxisols and managed using the tools of PA. The dimensions of the grids under study were: 100 x 100 m (10 areas), 142 x 142 m (10 areas) and 173 x 173 m (10 areas). Soil was collected at a depth of 0.00 to 0.10 m. The data for pH water , V%, Ca and Mg were subjected to exploratory statistical analysis and to geostatistical analysis by means of semivariograms. The areas showed high Ca (>4.0 cmol c dm -3) and Mg (>1.0 cmol c dm -3 ) levels and localised problems of soil acidity (pH water <5.5 or V<65%), justifying the carrying out of liming at specific sites. For the geostatistical procedures, the sample grids used at the sites of the Oxisols managed under PA in RS are not efficient in capturing the scales of spatial variability of the attributes pH water , V%, Ca and Mg, which could compromise the accuracy of corrective prescriptions for specific sites.
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