Tillage system and P fertilizer placement can aff ect plant root growth and therefore water and nutrient uptake. Th e objective of this study was to evaluate the eff ect of P fertilizer placement and tillage system on soybean [Glycine max (L.)] root growth and grain yield under induced drought stress. A fi eld study was performed at two locations in southern Brazil, during the 2014/2015 season. Phosphorus fertilizer placement and tillage combinations were evaluated using triple superphosphate at 31 kg P ha-1. Treatments included: (i) strip-tillage with deep band (ST-DB); (ii) strip-tillage with band-applied 5 by 5 cm (ST-B); (iii) no-till with broadcast (NT-BR); (iv) no-till with band-applied 5 by 5 cm (NT-B); and (v) no-till with surfaceband (NT-SB). Root length density (RLD) and root diameter were evaluated at 0-to 25-cm depth in 5-cm intervals. Yield was evaluated under rainfed as well as under induced drought conditions. Th e ST-DB treatment showed increased total RLD among treatments, with about 58% greater RLD than the NT-BR treatment, and 46% greater RLD than the NT-B treatment at the 15-to 25-cm soil depth. Furthermore, the soybean yield penalty with the ST-DB treatment was lower than any other treatment with a yield reduction of about 9 and 0.3% at respective locations under induced drought stress. Results from our study showed that the ST-DB treatment contributed to enhance soybean root growth at deeper soil layers and improved overall resilience to induced drought.
Phosphorus fertilizer placement can have signifi cant agronomic and environmental implications in long-term no-till (NT) systems. Th e objective of this study was to evaluate soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] response to P fertilizer placement strategies under long-term NT management. A fi eld study was performed near Nao-Me-Toque-RS (Location 1) and Sao Sepe-RS (Location 2), southern Brazil, during the 2014/2015 growing season. Th e experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. Triple superphosphate was applied using fi ve strategies: (i) strip tillage with deep band (ST-DB); (ii) strip tillage with band-applied 5 by 5 cm (ST-B); (iii) no-till with broadcast (NT-BR); (iv) no-till with band-applied 5 by 5 cm (NT-B); (v) and no-till with surface band (NT-SB). Plant height, dry weight, and P uptake were evaluated at 20, 40, 60, and 80 d aft er emergence (DAE) as well as P removed and grain yield at harvest. Th e ST-B application promoted greater plant height, dry weight, and P uptake at 80 DAE. However, ST-DB showed the greatest P removal compared to other treatments. Also, greater yields were obtained for ST-DB and NT-BR. Soil sampling aft er harvest showed that ST-DB increased soil test P levels by 19 and 11% at the 15-to 25-cm layer for Locations 1 and 2, respectively. While NT-BR increased soil test P by 43 and 36% at the 0-to 5-cm layer for Locations 1 and 2, respectively. Deep band P fertilizer placement maintained or increased soybean yield and P use under long-term NT in tropical soils.
Core Ideas Dividing a tillering N application into tillering and heading reduced wheat yield. Additional late‐season N application increased wheat protein concentration and dough quality. Late‐season N applications are economically unfit unless there is a reward for protein. Wheat yield and quality response to N management was similar across cultivars. There are opportunities to improve N management for wheat yield and quality in Southern Brazil. Nitrogen supply, environment, and cultivar determine yield and dough properties of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.); however, the effects of broadcasting N fertilizer at heading, a growing practice in regions such as southern Brazil, have not been explored. The objectives of this study were to: (i) compare the current producer practice vs. alternative fertilizer N management strategies and (ii) quantify their interaction with cultivar and their effects on yield and its components and relevant dough properties. Field experiments were conducted using a complete factorial arrangement in a split‐plot design of three cultivars (main plots) and five N strategies (subplots) across three environments in southern Brazil. Overall, the current producer practice (all 70 kg N ha−1 applied at tillering) was appropriate to the targeted yield (3.5 Mg ha−1); splitting this fertilizer N rate into tillering and heading applications (either 35 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 35 kg N ha−1 on heading or 45 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 25 kg N ha−1 on heading) benefited protein concentration but reduced yield. Best N management resulted in the addition of one late‐season N application (70 kg N ha−1 on tillering + 23 kg N ha−1 on heading) positively impacting yield, protein concentration, dough extensibility, and alveogram index. In‐season N management is more relevant for grain quality than yield, more importantly if deductions from low protein are projected, or if premiums from increasing protein concentration exist, justifying a late‐season fertilizer N application.
The anionic phosphate molecule presents a specific behavior in the soil, which is determinant in its movement in the soil and in provision to plants. Factors like soil texture and mineralogy directly affect the reactions of phosphate applied by fertilizers and the availability of the element in soil solution, where the molecular characteristics of the reagents imply on the differentiation of the final products of the reactions. Thus, phosphorus' molecular form present in different phosphate fertilizers differs, and may interfere in the plants absorption efficiency of this element depending on the conditions and chemical reactions on the soil. The comprehension of the product of these reactions in the soil can increase the phosphate efficiency, with reduced environmental impact and increase in crop productivity.
Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] plays an important role in sustainable agriculture, reducing the limitations associated with other sources of N such as fertilizers and soils. Our major objective was to evaluate the weekly pattern of BNF in soybean influenced by nodule formation, using three different laboratory‐cultured Bradyrhizobium strains. Plants were grown in 1‐m polyvinyl chloride (PVC) columns for 17 week in a greenhouse and BNF was determined using an integrated approach by assessing nodule formation, stem ureide‐N, and N partitioning in plant parts. Bradyrhizobium strains showed overall similar plant performance and N2−fixation capacity. During the beginning of flowering/full bloom (R1/R2) growth stages, nodule formation significantly increased and reached a maximum at pod‐filling (R4) stage. Stem ureide‐N was detected at early growth stages even with fewer small nodules, which significantly increased after the beginning of pod formation (R3). Peak N2−fixing rate (g N kg−1 d−1) started to decline after the onset of seed filling (R5.5). Relationship between BNF and nodule parameters (nodule number [R2 = .65] and nodule weight [R2 = .62]) suggested that they can be used as predictors of BNF.
Strip-till has been used at a large scale in east central Kansas as an alternative to earlier planting dates under a no-till system. To determine the effects of planting corn (Zea mays) under previously established strip-tilled fertilized rows, experiments were conducted on an Osage silty clay loam soil in 2006 and 2008 and on a Woodson silt loam soil in 2009, 2010, and 2011 using three different planting distances from the strip-tilled fertilized rows (0, 10, 20, and 38 cm) with a strip-till operation performed between 1 and 73 days before planting. The depth of the strip-till fertilizer application was 13–15 cm below the soil surface. Corn that was planted 10 cm from the fertilized row showed greater early season growth, higher plant population, and grain yield. Planting 20 and 38 cm from the center of the fertilized rows showed none of the benefits that are typically associated with strip-tillage system. Enough time should be allowed between the strip-till operation and planting to reach satisfactory soil conditions (e.g., moist and firm seedbed). Our results suggest that the best location for planting strip-tilled fertilized corn vary depending on soil and climatic conditions as well as the time between fertilizer application with the strip-till operation and planting. With fewer number of days, planting directly on the center of fertilized strip-till resulted in decreased plant population and lower grain yield. However, the greatest yield benefit across different planting conditions was attained when planting within 10 cm of the strip.
Drought-tolerant corn increased root length up to 33% over conventional corn.• Differences in root growth among soybean genotypes were site-specific.• Nutrient dilution effect occurred in both corn shoot and root, but not in soybean.• N, P, Mn, and Zn concentrations were higher in the root biomass for soybean compared with corn.
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