Zinc Chloride Promoted Efficient and Facile BOC Protection of Amines. -The protection protocol appears to be competitive and in some cases even superior to previously reported procedures that require basic conditions. -(ARIFUDDIN*, M.; LAKSHMIKANT, N.; RAJASEKAR, N.; SHINDE, D. B.; Indian J.

Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.

Abstract— Seven chromatographically separable products were shown to be formed when an aqueous solution of tryptophan was exposed to the light of a 100‐W bulb at pH 9 in the presence of methylene blue and oxygen. Some of these products were detected, though in much smaller quantities, even when tryptophan was irradiated in the absence of methylene blue and/or oxygen. Contrary to reports in the literature, none of the common derivatives of tryptophan, such as tryptamine, indole acetic acid, indole aldehyde, anthranilic acid or kynurenine, were detected on irradiation of the amino acid by visible light. Such irradiation of tryptamine and indole acetic acid gave 1–2 components which were chromatographically identical with those obtained from tryptophan; irradiation of indole aldehyde gave no detectable breakdown products. Exposure of tryptophan to ultraviolet light or when treated with hydrogen peroxide did not result in the formation of any of the products obtained with visible light. The results presented here suggest that during exposure of tryptophan to visible light, the indole ring is first oxygenated resulting in the formation of dioxindole derivatives. One of the products of irradiation of tryptophan with visible light was tentatively identified as dioxin‐dolylalanine.

Piper betle var. nigra is a tropical plant closely related to the common piper. P. betle has also been dubbed a promising source of natural antioxidants in herbal health products, antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, cytotoxic activity against the cancer cell lines K562 and HL-60, and antileishmanial. The aim of this study to observation Antimicrobial activity and isolation of chemical compound. The antimicrobial activity of P. betle extract was performed by well diffusion method against two oral pathogenic bacteria (Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguinis) and opportunistic pathogenic yeast (Candida albicans). The inoculum (bacterial and yeast suspension) was prepared from a 24-h culture on NB for bacterial suspension and on TSB for yeast suspension. Extraction and isolation using various method of chromatography. Isolated compounds were characterized by spectroscopic means. Our study showed antimicrobial activity from crude ethanol extract of leaves P. betle L. var. nigra against two oral pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic pathogenic yeast with concentration 0.5% and 1%. The first report of two new amides derivatives, piperenamide A (1) and piperenamide B (2) in P. betle L. var. nigra.

Macroscopic evaluation of P. acre Blume leaves based on the method in some literature. 10-12 Fresh, dried, and powder of leaves sample was observed by organoleptic (shape, size, color, and odor).

Some new 4β-N-heteroaryl analogues of podophyllotoxin have been prepared by employing Red Phosphorous/I 2 reagent system. These 4β-N-heteroaryl analogues have been evaluated for their cytotoxicity against six human cancer cell lines and some representative ones have shown promising anticancer activity.

FOR U N D E R S T A~I N G the role of histidine in the biological activity of enzymic and hormonal proteins, photooxidation technique has been frequently employed.(1-6) The main interest in these experiments has rested in the quantitative aspect of the disappearance of histidine in the protein molecule. Weil(?* e, has shown that photooxidation of free histidine results in destruction of the imidazole group. Lukton and colleagues(s) and Weilo measured the rate constants for the destruction of this amino acid by visible light at varying pH and temperature. Information in regard to the chemical nature of the resultant products is not available.The experiments presented in this report show that when an aqueous solution of histidine containing methylene blue (MB), is irradiated with visible light, four chemically distinct products are formed which can be detected by paper chromatography. It was found, using labelled histidine, that these products retain carbon-2 of the imidazole ring. None of them were formed when a solution of histidine was subjected to the action of either hydrogen peroxide or u.v.-light. Experimental details have been described earlier. (lo) MB was removed by adsorption on active carbon; contrary to the observation made with tryptophan,(lO) histidine and its irradiation products were not adsorbed on active carbon. Irradiation at pH 7 or 9 in the presence of MB resulted in a decrease in the u.v.-absorption at all wave lengths between 200-230 mp (Figs. 1 and 2). It was shown by Saidel and associates(ll) that the imidazole group has characteristic maximum at 210-212 mp in acid but not in neutral media. An irradiated solution of histidine did not show this maximum in an acid medium ( Fig. l), suggesting that the observed decrease in the intensity of absorption at 210-212 mp on irradiation is due to the disappearance of the imidazole group. Irradiation of histidine in the absence of MB resulted in a slight increase in the absorption in the above mentioned range, which could be due to slight evaporation during the irradiation period.Separation of the products obtained by irradiation of a solution of histidine in the presence of MB was attempted using paper chromatography in two different solvents.

Batuk merupakan gejala klinis dari gangguan pada saluran pernapasan, sebagai perlindungan untuk menghilangkan lendir yang berlebihan, zat abnormal seperti cairan atau nanah, maupun benda asing yang dihirup dari saluran udara bagian atas. Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dapat dijadikan tanaman obat yang berkhasiat mengobati batuk. Tanaman Serai memiliki kandungan kimia berupa alkaloid, saponin, tannin, flavanoid, antraquinon, dan minyak atsiri. Kandungan metabolit sekunder berupa saponin dan tannin memiliki aktivitas mukolitik.  Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan aktivitas mukolitik terbaik dari ekstrak etanol, infusa dan minyak atsiri batang Serai Wangi (Cymbopogon nardus). Pada penelitian ini digunakan metode ekstraksi dengan maserasi, infusa, dan destilasi uap. Pengujian mukolitik dilakukan dengan alat viskometer Rheosys dan diukur viskositas tiap sampel uji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 5% memiliki aktivitas mukolitik terbaik ditandai dengan penurunan viskositas yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan infusa 6% dan minyak atsiri. Penurunan viskositas ekstrak etanol pada menit ke 30 adalah sebesar 144,09 cps dan pada menit ke 60 adalah sebesar 187,1 cps.