Mitragyna is a genus belonging to the Rubiaceae family and is a plant endemic to Asia and Africa. Traditionally, the plants of this genus were used by local people to treat some diseases from generation to generation. Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is a controversial plant from this genus, known under the trading name “kratom”, and contains more than 40 different types of alkaloids. Mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine have agonist morphine-like effects on opioid receptors. Globally, Mitragyna plants have high economic value. However, regulations regarding the circulation and use of these commodities vary in several countries around the world. This review article aims to comprehensively examine Mitragyna plants (mainly M. speciosa) as potential pharmacological agents by looking at various aspects of the plants. A literature search was performed and information collected using electronic databases including Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, directory open access journal (DOAJ), and Google Scholar in early 2020 to mid-2021. This narrative review highlights some aspects of this genus, including historical background and botanical origins, habitat, cultivation, its use in traditional medicine, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicity, abuse and addiction, legal issues, and the potential of Mitragyna species as pharmaceutical products.
Zinc Chloride Promoted Efficient and Facile BOC Protection of Amines. -The protection protocol appears to be competitive and in some cases even superior to previously reported procedures that require basic conditions. -(ARIFUDDIN*, M.; LAKSHMIKANT, N.; RAJASEKAR, N.; SHINDE, D. B.; Indian J.
Abstract— Seven chromatographically separable products were shown to be formed when an aqueous solution of tryptophan was exposed to the light of a 100‐W bulb at pH 9 in the presence of methylene blue and oxygen. Some of these products were detected, though in much smaller quantities, even when tryptophan was irradiated in the absence of methylene blue and/or oxygen. Contrary to reports in the literature, none of the common derivatives of tryptophan, such as tryptamine, indole acetic acid, indole aldehyde, anthranilic acid or kynurenine, were detected on irradiation of the amino acid by visible light. Such irradiation of tryptamine and indole acetic acid gave 1–2 components which were chromatographically identical with those obtained from tryptophan; irradiation of indole aldehyde gave no detectable breakdown products. Exposure of tryptophan to ultraviolet light or when treated with hydrogen peroxide did not result in the formation of any of the products obtained with visible light. The results presented here suggest that during exposure of tryptophan to visible light, the indole ring is first oxygenated resulting in the formation of dioxindole derivatives. One of the products of irradiation of tryptophan with visible light was tentatively identified as dioxin‐dolylalanine.
FOR U N D E R S T A~I N G the role of histidine in the biological activity of enzymic and hormonal proteins, photooxidation technique has been frequently employed.(1-6) The main interest in these experiments has rested in the quantitative aspect of the disappearance of histidine in the protein molecule. Weil(?* e, has shown that photooxidation of free histidine results in destruction of the imidazole group. Lukton and colleagues(s) and Weilo measured the rate constants for the destruction of this amino acid by visible light at varying pH and temperature. Information in regard to the chemical nature of the resultant products is not available.The experiments presented in this report show that when an aqueous solution of histidine containing methylene blue (MB), is irradiated with visible light, four chemically distinct products are formed which can be detected by paper chromatography. It was found, using labelled histidine, that these products retain carbon-2 of the imidazole ring. None of them were formed when a solution of histidine was subjected to the action of either hydrogen peroxide or u.v.-light. Experimental details have been described earlier. (lo) MB was removed by adsorption on active carbon; contrary to the observation made with tryptophan,(lO) histidine and its irradiation products were not adsorbed on active carbon. Irradiation at pH 7 or 9 in the presence of MB resulted in a decrease in the u.v.-absorption at all wave lengths between 200-230 mp (Figs. 1 and 2). It was shown by Saidel and associates(ll) that the imidazole group has characteristic maximum at 210-212 mp in acid but not in neutral media. An irradiated solution of histidine did not show this maximum in an acid medium ( Fig. l), suggesting that the observed decrease in the intensity of absorption at 210-212 mp on irradiation is due to the disappearance of the imidazole group. Irradiation of histidine in the absence of MB resulted in a slight increase in the absorption in the above mentioned range, which could be due to slight evaporation during the irradiation period.Separation of the products obtained by irradiation of a solution of histidine in the presence of MB was attempted using paper chromatography in two different solvents.
Macroscopic evaluation of P. acre Blume leaves based on the method in some literature. 10-12 Fresh, dried, and powder of leaves sample was observed by organoleptic (shape, size, color, and odor).
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