It had been suggested that chronic exposure to Schistosoma mansoni prevents the onset of Th1-mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus. The present study was carried out on four groups of mice: (1) control group, (2) group infected with S. mansoni, (3) group injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes, and (4) group infected and then 3 months postinfection injected with streptozotocin. No differences were detected between the infected non-diabetic and infected diabetic groups regarding worm burden, tissue egg count, and oogram. At the same time, results showed a reducing effect of S. mansoni infection on the rate of glucose uptake by the diaphragm with reduction in glycogen content of soleus muscle. This an important issue since skeletal muscle is the primary site for insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. In conclusion, because of the detected depressed peripheral glucose uptake by the diaphragm, the protecting effect of helminths infection in diabetes should be reconsidered, to be able to devise therapeutic strategies for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Two hundred and eight one-day broiler chicks (ROSS 500) were divided into 4 treatments till 35 days old, each group fed on corn-soybean starter diet (S) from 1-21 days old and grower diet (G) from 22-35 days old. Control treatment received un-supplemented S and G diets, S1G0 group fed on S supplemented with 1 g Bio-Mos kgG 1 then un-supplemented G, S1G0.5 group received S supplemented with 1 g Bio-Mos kgG INTRODUCTIONMannan oligosaccharides (MOS) and its commercial product form (Bio-Mos, product of Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY, USA) is one of prebiotics that derived from the outer layer of yeast cell walls (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The main idea to use yeast MOS in poultry feeds evolved from the following two concepts about involved mannose, which could be: (1) it is used largely to block the colonization of intestinal pathogenic bacteria, especially E. coli and Salmonella which are the most common pathogenic bacteria hosted in intestinal tract of poultry and enhance growth of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus in intestinal gut, therefore, supporting growth performance of bird as reported by Cavazzoni et al. (1998), Brzoska et al. (1999), Joerger (2003 and Patterson and Burkholder (2003). (2) Some research workers including Spring (1996), Shane (2001) and Markovic et al. (2009), reported a beneficial alteration effect of Bio-Mos and yeast cell wall (as a source of MOS) inclusion in broiler diets on microvillus length and crypt depth of which are the basic absorbent elements of nutrients in intestinal mucosa.

total number of 210 one-day old Cobb 500 broiler chicks, were reared up to 35 days of age, as they were distributed into factorial design of two natural feed additives the first one was bee propolis (BPr) while the second was bee pollen (BP) with three supplementation levels (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20%), as compared with control group (0.0% feed additives). The study aimed to examine these additives with different levels and their interaction on growth performance, carcass characteristics and carcass parts of broiler chickens. The results indicated that, natural feed additives (BPr and BP) did not significantly affect final live body weight (LBW), body weight gain (BWG), feed consumption (FC), feed conversion ratio (FCR), performance index (PI), European production efficiency factor (EPEF), energy conversion ratios (ECR) and protein conversion ratios (PCR). Wheaese, levels of supplementation and their interaction, significantly affected LBW, BWG, FCR, PI and EPEF. Concerning carcass characteristics % (carcass, giblets and total edible parts) and carcass parts % (breast, thigh, drumstick and wing) , data showed insignificant figures when chicks fed different feed additives with different levels and their interaction. Based on the experimental results, it is concluded that supplementing broiler chick diets with (BPr or BP) with different levels (0.05, 0.10 or 0.20%) could a good approach to improve production performance without negative effects on carcass characteristics or carcass parts percentages.

n experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects feeding broiler chicks on corn soybean meal diets supplemented with bee honey (BH), bee pollen (BP) or both as alternative to antibiotics erythromycin (ER) on growth performance, tibia characteristics and some blood plasma parameters. A total of number 150 one-day old chicks of (Cobb) strain were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments (5 treatments x 3 replicate groups x 10 chicks in each group). The treatments were: control without supplementation; T1 (ER) 0.0275%; T2 (BH) 0.10%; T3, (BP) 0.05% and T4 (BH, 0.10% + BP 0.05). The main results showed significant effect on body weight, body weight gain and performance index. On contrary there were no significant effect on feed consumption and feed conversion ratio within treatments. The results showed no significant effect on tibia measurements tibia weight (wet and dry), tibia (width and length) and tibia seeder index while there was significant effect on tibia breaking strength, As most of measured parameters there were no significant effect on tibia chemical composition (ASH and P) except (Ca) between treatments.

he present experiment was conducted to study effects of using different levels of sodium-di-formate (NDF) with different levels of restricted phosphorus in broiler diets on productive performance, carcass traits and gut health. At one day of age, 175 Hubbard chicks were divided into 7 groups (25 birds each). Each group contained 5 replicates of 5 birds each. The experimental groups were as follows: 1. Control diet contains 100% Ca and available phosphorus (AP) requirements without NDF. 2. Diet contains 50% of Ca and AP requirements + 1.50 Kg/ ton NDF. 3. Diet contains 40% of Ca and AP requirements + 1.50 Kg/ ton NDF. 4. Diet contains 50% of Ca and AP requirements + 2.25 Kg/ ton NDF. 5. Diet contains 40% of Ca and AP requirements + 2.25 Kg/ ton NDF. 6. Diet contains 50% of Ca and AP requirements + 3.00 Kg/ ton NDF. 7. Diet contains 40% of Ca and AP requirements + 3.00 Kg/ ton NDF. Main results obtained could be summarized as following: 1. There were no significant differences among all groups in live body weight (LBW) during starter period, while final LBW was superior with (T5) and (T7) groups. Also, no significant differences were noticed within all groups in daily weight gain (DWG) during starter period, while overall DWG was superior with birds fed (T5) or (T7) diet. 2. No significant differences among all experimental groups in daily feed consumption (DFC) during starter period, while birds of (T5) or (T7) groups consumed more feed during overall test period. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) values indicated that best FCR was recorded with chicks fed (T2), (T5) or (T7) diet during starter period, while overall FCR was found to be similar within all groups. 3. Values of both performance index (PI) and production efficiency factor (PEF) showed that all experimental groups are significantly similar to the control (T1) group. 4. Chicks fed (T5) or (T6) diet had better protein conversion ratio (PCR) and energy conversion ratio (ECR) values during starter period. While during overall period, PCR and ECR values of all test groups are significantly similar to those of control (T1) group. 5. All carcass traits were not significantly affected by different dietary treatments including dressing, giblets and abdominal fat percentages. 6. Chicks fed different dietary level of NDF showed obvious effect on all ileal microflora classes including lactic acid bacteria counts when compared to those fed control (T1) diet. It could be concluded that incorporation of Formi® NDF at 2.25 to 3.00 Kg/ ton, in broiler diets, had many beneficial effects on different productive performance classes with no adverse effect on carcass traits or intestinal microbiological population.

n experiment was conducted to determine the effect of adding different sodium di-format (NDF) levels in the presence of low levels calcium and available phosphorus diets on broiler productive performance and tibia measurements. A total number of 140 one day old Hubbard broiler chicks were classified into 7 equal groups, each was subdivided into 4 replicates with 5 chicks. The control group was fed standard (starter and grower) diets formulated ensuring sufficient supply of nutrients suggested by the guidebook of Hubbard broilers that contain 100% (Ca and AP) requirements without (NDF) and a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with 3 different levels of Ca & AP being (50%, 40% and 30%) from requirements and 2 levels of dietary NDF (1.5 and 2.25 kg/ ton). Feed and water were supplied ad-libitum throughout the whole experiment which lasted till 35 days of age. The results indicated that: Under the condition of the present study, broiler chicks fed control diets or diets containing 50%, Ca & AP with 2.25 kg/ton (T4) improved productive performance (live body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption and feed conversion ratio) comparable or better than other treatments. Similar trends were observed regarding the effect of previous dietary treatments on tibia bone measurements (Tibia; length and width) and tibia chemical composition (tibia Ca & P) percentages. However, broiler chicks fed (T4) diets during experimental period (35 days) reflected the lowest significant tibia breaking strength and ash% compared with those fed control diets It is obvious that, the best performance was seen when 50% Ca & AP 2.25 kg/ton (NDF) were applied in broiler diets without any adverse effect on productive performance and most of tibia measurements and chemical composition.

Six-weeks experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of excess dietary threonine [Thr] (150% and 200% of NRC recommendations) with levels of 21% and 22% dietary protein on productive performance, blood biochemical parameters and small intestine histological structure of Japanese quail. Three hundred and fifteen one-day-old unsexed Japanese quail chicks were randomly assigned for seven experimental groups, 45 chicks each. T1-chicks were fed the basal (control) diet contained 24% crude protein; T2 and T3-birds were fed diets contained normal requirement of [Thr] with 22 and 21% crude protein, respectively; T4 and T5-quails received 22% crude protein with 150% or 200% [Thr], respectively; T6 and T7-were given 21% crude protein with 150% or 200% [Thr], respectively. The obtained results showed that [Thr] supplementations particularly 150%, improves quail productive performance and compensates dietary protein restriction. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and glucose were increased significantly (P<0.01), while triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were decreased with [Thr] dietary addition. Kidney and liver functions were not negatively influenced with [Thr] supplementation at any level. The histological observations of intestine showed greater villi height and higher goblet cells number with [Thr] supplementation indicating better digestibility and utilization of feed nutrients. It could be concluded that, supplementary [Thr] at 150% of basal requirement of broiler quails was sufficient to compensate for reduction of dietary crude protein below the NRC recommendations, the therefore, [Thr] supplement had no adverse effect on kidneys and liver functions and improved intestinal status, structure and functions.

A total number of 180 one-day old broiler chicks was distributed into factorial design in 2 light sources (fluorescent and lightemitting diodes, LED) and 3 metabolizable energy (ME) levels (low, medium or high) to study carcass characteristics and some bone measurements. Six birds from each experimental treatment (3 males and 3 females) were slaughtered to evaluate carcass and tibia bone measurements. The results indicated that:-Light source and level of dietary ME did not significantly affect carcass yield, giblets and total edible parts percentages.-There were no significant differences between treatments on percentages of inedible parts (blood, feathers, head, gastrointestinal tract and inedible body oranges, abdominal fat) or total inedible parts.-Breast and drumstick percentages showed significant differences, independent on level of dietary (ME).-Tibia diameter, tibia Seedor index and tibia robusticity index, showed significant differences, independent of dietary ME level. It could be recommended from this study that LED lighting in broiler farms and medium dietary ME level could be used with broilers to reduce production costs and improve breast yield.