Mating studies showed that isolates of the insect-associated wilt pathogen Ceratocystis fimbriata from Eucalyptus spp., mango, fig, inhame (Colocasia esculenta), Gmelina arborea and sweet potato were interfertile, and progeny from those crosses showed normal segregation for microsatellite markers. Genetic diversity was compared among 13 populations of C. fimbriata collected from six states in Brazil using 15 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers. The gene diversity values of most eucalyptus and mango populations from Minas Gerais, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo states were similar to putatively native populations of Ceratocystis platani and C. cacaofunesta, two other species in the C. fimbriata complex that are homothallic. Index of association values indicated substantial asexual reproduction or selfing in populations on mango and eucalyptus. Most of these eucalyptus and mango populations were not highly differentiated from each other, and these populations and genotypes appeared to be more closely related to each other than to other populations by UPGMA analyses. By contrast, the G. arborea population from Pará and the fig and inhame populations from São Paulo had relatively low levels of diversity and were highly differentiated from each other and all other studied populations, suggesting that they were from different origins and had gone through genetic bottlenecks. One of the eucalyptus populations in Bahia consisted of a single genotype and may have been introduced to the site in infected cuttings from another Bahia location. Similarly, a mango population from Mato Grosso do Sul consisted of a single genotype, which was identical to one of the genotypes found on mango in São Paulo. Aside from introductions by humans, mating studies and genetic analyses suggest that limited dispersal distance and a high degree of selfing or asexual reproduction lead to local populations of C. fimbriata that have limited diversity but are highly differentiated from other populations.

The kidneys are commonly affected in infective endocarditis by a variety of complications of clinical significance. The commonest type of glomerulonephritis does not appear to be attributable to deposition of immune complexes. A renal biopsy may be helpful in the investigation of renal impairment in a patient with infective endocarditis.

Ceratocystis wilt is among the most important diseases on mango (Mangifera indica) in Brazil, Oman, and Pakistan. The causal agent was originally identified in Brazil as Ceratocystis fimbriata, which is considered by some as a complex of many cryptic species, and four new species on mango trees were distinguished from C. fimbriata based on variation in internal transcribed spacer sequences. In the present study, phylogenetic analyses using DNA sequences of mating type genes, TEF-1α, and β-tubulin failed to identify lineages corresponding to the four new species names. Further, mating experiments found that the mango isolates representing the new species were interfertile with each other and a tester strain from sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), on which the name C. fimbriata is based, and there was little morphological variation among the mango isolates. Microsatellite markers found substantial differentiation among mango isolates at the regional and population levels, but certain microsatellite genotypes were commonly found in multiple populations, suggesting that these genotypes had been disseminated in infected nursery stock. The most common microsatellite genotypes corresponded to the four recently named species (C. manginecans, C. acaciivora, C. mangicola, and C. mangivora), which are considered synonyms of C. fimbriata. This study points to the potential problems of naming new species based on introduced genotypes of a pathogen, the value of an understanding of natural variation within and among populations, and the importance of phenotype in delimiting species.

A simple measure of chronic damage was a powerful indicator of prognosis. This is likely to be clinically useful in routine practice and trials.

Ceratocystis wilt on eucalyptus, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, was first recognized in 1997 in the state of Bahia, Brazil, but is now known in five other states and in four other countries. C. fimbriata is a native, soilborne pathogen in some parts of Brazil but we hypothesized that genotypes of the pathogen have been moved among plantations in rooted cuttings collected from diseased trees and within plantations on cutting tools. We used six microsatellite markers to identify 78 genotypes of C. fimbriata among 177 isolates from individual trees in 20 eucalyptus plantations. The highest gene and genotypic diversity values were found in plantations on formerly wild Cerrado forest in Minas Gerais, suggesting that the fungus was in the soil prior to planting eucalyptus. In contrast, one or only a few genotypes were found in plantations on previous pastureland (with no woody hosts) in Bahia and São Paulo, and most of these genotypes were found in a Bahian nursery or in one of two Bahian plantations that were sources for rooted cuttings. Sources of cuttings tended to be dominated by one or a few genotypes that may have been spread within the plantation on cutting tools.

A total of 107 rhizobacterial isolates, obtained from the rhizosphere of eucalypt clones were tested as rooting inducers of cuttings and mini-cuttings planted in substrate composed of carbonized rice husk and vermiculite (1:1). Cuttings and mini-cuttings were planted in conical plastic tubes containing treated and untreated (control) substrate and kept under intermittent mist irrigation at 26-28ºC. After 35 days, rooting percentage and dry root matter of cuttings were evaluated. Ten isolates capable of providing gains of up to 110% in root formation and up to 250% in root biomass over non-inoculated control cuttings were selected. Gains in rooting varied according to clone and isolate tested. The greatest gains were obtained for the mini-cuttings exhibiting the lowest rooting efficiency. Among the ten isolates tested, only 3918 (code R98) and MF4 (code R87), produced 3-indole-acetic acid in vitro, at concentrations of 0.7 and 0.67 µg ml -1 , respectively. Significant increases in rooting and root dry matter of cuttings grown on rhizobacteria-inoculated substrate were found when compared to untreated or indole-butyric acid (IBA) treated mini-cuttings.

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Foi feita uma análise temporal da curva de enraizamento de dois clones híbridos de eucalipto (C1 - E. grandis x E. urophylla; C2 - E. grandis x E. saligna), visando determinar o tempo ótimo de permanência dos propágulos vegetativos na casa de enraizamento, sob o ponto de vista técnico e do risco de incidência de doenças. Constatou-se que o tempo ótimo necessário para induzir a rizogênese depende do clone de eucalipto e que o conhecimento do modelo temporal pode fornecer subsídios ao gerenciamento de viveiros florestais. Além disso, foram estabelecidos dois critérios úteis para determinar o tempo ótimo de indução do enraizamento, sendo estes o intercepto da curva de incremento corrente diário (ICD) e incremento médio diário (IMD) e o tempo em que ocorre o máximo valor da velocidade de enraizamento. Para os clones 1 e 2, pelo critério do intercepto das curvas de ICD e IMD, 20 e 30 dias foram definidos como tempo ótimo, enquanto pelo critério de máxima velocidade de enraizamento os valores foram de 15 e 22 dias, respectivamente, sendo este último critério o mais indicado, levando-se em consideração o custo das instalações e o risco de incidência de doenças na propagação clonal do eucalipto.