RESUMOO presente estudo de revisão visa uniformizar a nomenclatura e os conceitos classificatórios existentes na literatura, relativos aos desenhos ou modelos de estudo científico mais comumente utilizados em pesquisas na área clínico-cirúrgica geral. Procurou-se facilitar a elaboração do delineamento de um projeto de pesquisa científica, visando sua aplicabilidade. Esta revisão também tem o intuito de auxiliar o cirurgião-pesquisador a identificar qual foi o delineamento proposto em um artigo, assim como desenvolver um senso de crítica metodológica mais apurada sobre o mesmo, além de desmistificar a miscelânea conceitual existente na literatura. Descritores: Pesquisa Biomédica. Modelos Epidemiológicos. Projetos de Pesquisa Epidemiológica. Ensaios Clínicos. Estudos de Coortes. ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study is to analyze the classifications and concepts found at the literature regarding the research models on scientific studies commonly used in medical articles. This paper provides elements to facilitate the creation of a research model. It also helps the researcher to identify which is the research model of an article. This article will enable the reader of a scientific paper to have a more accurate sense of criticism of the Methods of a study. Key words: Biomedical Research. Epidemiologic Models. Epidemiologic Research Design. Clinical Trials. Cohort Studies. IntroduçãoO ramo da Medicina que trata da metodologia das pesquisas é conhecido como Epidemiologia Clínica. Esse ramo, considerado uma área básica, constitui-se num importante alicerce no qual a Medicina moderna é praticada. Essa denominação é oriunda de duas disciplinas médicas: Epidemiologia e Medicina Clínica (ou Geral). A contribuição da Epidemiologia é representada pelo fato que vários dos métodos utilizados, para responder as questões das pesquisas, foram desenvolvidos por epidemiologistas, e pelo cuidado individual dos pacientes ser considerado num contexto da população maior, da qual o paciente faz apenas parte. A contribuição da Medicina Clínica reside na procura em responder a questões clínicas, assim como conduzir decisões clínicas baseadas nas melhores evidências disponíveis. 1 Porém, um fator considerado essencial ao progresso da pesquisa médica veio da área da Matemática. A Bioestatística introduziu a análise estatística para a confirmação de achados, assim como para a avaliação de tratamentos médicos, fornecendo-lhes maior solidez, confiabilidade e credibilidade.

AK clearance, but not photorejuvenation, appears to improve with increasing fluence at the ALA PDT-IPL levels used in this study without serious adverse effects.

PURPOSE:To extract the Melaleuca sp. oil and to assess its in vitro inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from lower limb wounds and resistant to several antibiotics. METHODS:A total of 14 test-tubes containing Mueller-Hinton broth were used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The following concentrations of the Melaleuca sp. oil were added to the first 11 tubes: 8; 4; 2; 1; 0.5; 0.2; 0.1; 0.05; 0.025; 0,0125 and 0.00625%. The 12 th and 13 th tubes, with and without oil, were used as the positive and negative controls, respectively. The experimental study was carried out in triplicate at 37ºC for 18 hours. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), able of killing all the microorganisms, was also determined. Two S. aureus isolates were obtained from lower limb wounds of female patients and the identification of the microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus) and the test for susceptibility to the antimicrobial agents were carried out by automation using the apparatus MicroScan ® . After identification, the isolates were preserved in liquid Trypticase Soy medium, and inoculated for determination of the MIC and MBC. RESULTS:The MIC was 0.2% and the MBC was 0.4%. CONCLUSION:The Melaleuca sp. oil showed antimicrobial properties in vitro against strains isolated from lower limb wounds which were resistant to multiple antibiotics.

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of neuromuscular electric stimulation by microcurrent (MENS - Microcurrent Electric Neuromuscular Stimulation) in the restoration of the skin of rats undergone trichloroacetic acid (TCA). METHODS: Thirty-two hairless, male, adult rats were divided into two groups (with 16 animals each). In the Control Group (G1) the application of microcurrent was simulated 48 hours after the peeling. In the Experimental Group (G2) MENS was applied 48 hours after the TCA peeling, each 48 hours up to the Day 21, under the frequency of 0.5 Hz, intensity of 50mu A, and lasting 20 minutes. The area of the lesion was evaluated on Days 7, 14, and 21 after-peeling by the Paper Template Method, and on Day 21 the histological analysis was performed. RESULTS: On microscopy changes were seen in the fibroblasts amount and structure, and in the collagen of the experimental group, with statistically significant difference (p<0,01) CONCLUSION: MENS reduced the period of restoration of the area undergone TCA peeling in rats skin.

LLLT increased the newly formed bone area during the initial phase of the tibiae repair process in rats exposed to IR.

The qualification of the new knowledge is one of the oldest problems in experimental science. For this reason, one of Science' s priorities has been the search for experimental model, in order to produce knowledge in a more standardized way.The importance of inferring a knowledge generation' s model has derived from the need to exactly understand the mechanisms that generate these data. The greatest advantage of the experimental model is to allow understanding preditions and controling of the results and the method and, at same time, keep the bioethical principles concerning the " anima nobile" .To define " Experimental Model" has been controversial in the different areas. The difficulties in its definition comes from each area complexity and from the fact that a term demand other terms that are ambigous or used in a different sense.Individually, each definition is not sufficient to clearly describe its meaning. Thus, in general, one definition comprehend a little facet inside its own approach.Historically, the term " modulus" (from latin, derived from " modus" , little measure) is used since 23 B.C. throughout the eighteenth century. From the eleventh to fourteenth century, the used term was " standard" and " mould" ; from the fourteenth to sixteeth century, " measure" and from then on, " model" .From the seventh to nineteenth century, the model definition were mainly aimed at abstract models. For example, the philosopher Blaise Pascal, around 1650, described model as an act of spirit in which we can inspire ourselves (ouvrage d' esprit dont on peut s' inspirer). In the eighteenth century, the French encyclopedia, dated 1765 defines model as a generic sense, an original pattern, proposed to be copied or imitated by anyone. Horst Koller, in 1969, defined model as a simplified representation of reality derived only from abstraction and Brockhaus, in 1971, defined it, as a pattern, ideal, reproduction or graphic of things (enlarged, reduced or at natural size). At that time, model was a simplified representation of a part of reality, that could be material or idealistic, concrete or abstract and would describe a future or present state. 1The English language dictionaires describe model as a three dimensions representation in a reduced scale; a simplified description of a system; figure to be reproduced in any material; specific design or style of a structure or convenience; exemplary person, thing or ideal; example of person or thing to be copied or imitated; person to pose or be shown; its piece or copy.

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