SUMMARY Clinical and radiographic findings after intraarticular replacement of cranial cruciate ligament with a polyester prosthesis using a modified over-the-top
Methyl methacrylate, acrylic resine for odontologic use, was used to fill the orbital cavity of three dogs which presented retrobulbar, eyeball and eyelid neoplasias extended to the orbital space, respectively. The material was moulded in the orbit before polymerization, while still in its paste phase. In each case, follow-up reports were obtained in the 10th and 40th days and in 18 months after surgery. Complications were not observed and improvement of cosmetic appearance was obtained.
RESUMO A ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial é uma das principais doenças ortopédicas que afetam os cães. Muitas técnicas cirúrgicas foram descritas no intuito de aliviar a dor
RESUMOAvaliou-se a sutura fabelar lateral (SFL) com fáscia lata autógena para estabilização dos joelhos de cães de raças de grande porte, acometidos por ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial (RLCCr
Background: Histiocytic tumors in felines are nodules that commonly develop on limbs and head extremities. They can be divided into many subtypes including cutaneous histiocytoma, histiocytic sarcoma, reactive fibrohistiocytic nodule, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and progressive feline dendritic cell. Despite the same origin, they have behaviors that differ from each other, thus it is important to confirm diagnosis with histopathological and immunohistochemical tests, because early identification can facilitate prognosis and treatment. In this study, we describe the pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, enabling differentiation feline neoplasms derived from histiocytes. Case: A 5-year-old, crossbreed, male, feline presented with a nodulation at the base of the left ear. The mass was slow growing, partially alopecic, with no other changes associated with tumor development. The nodule was round and circumscribed, movable, with an elevated surface. He was referred for surgery and an elliptical sample around the tumor was carefully dissected. Routine histopathological evaluation was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), as well as immunohistochemistry. Histopathology showed circumscribed proliferation of histiocytic cells, with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The proliferative cells were large and rounded, extending from the superficial dermis and basement membrane to the deep dermis. At the extremities, some cells had visible vacuoles. Mitotic activity ranged from 3 to 4 mitoses per field in 40x magnification. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for histocompatibility complex MCII and lysozyme antibodies, marking histiocytic cells. Labeling was positive for CD20 in cells of lymphoid lineage B and negative for E-cadherin. Histiocytic cells did not invade the epidermis; hence, proliferation was classified as nonepitheliotropic. These methods contribute to the literature regarding the diagnosis of this rare tumor. Therefore, histological as well as immunohistochemical evaluation are important bfor confirming clinical diagnosis of histiocytic proliferation non-epitheliotropic. Discussion: Progressive histiocytosis of feline dendritic cells, in both epitheliotropic and non-epitheliotropic forms, is considered a clinically progressive and rare disorder. There are reports which include cytological, clinical, histological and immunohistochemical examinations, but the diagnostic characteristics regarding the non-epitheliotropic classification have not yet been properly identified. Nodulations are predominantly observed in head and limb regions, usually non-ulcerated, which can both increase and decrease in size, and are typically painless. The tumor in the present case was restricted to the base of the ear and no evidence of infiltration or metastasis was found. Progressive histiocytosis may spread and reach the lymphatic system through the lymph nodes, subsequently becoming systemic. The non-aggressive behavior observed in this case is possibly related to the non-epitheliotropic pattern. In the present case, MHC II histocompatibility complex markers, a phenotype compatible with dendritic cells, were used. Lysozyme antibodies marked histiocytic cells and the reactive lymphoid infiltrate was composed of CD20-positive B lymphoid lineage cells. Staining for E-cadherin was negative, negative results in labeling experiments is common, it is dependent upon the cellular origin of the leukocytes present in the sample. Staining for these molecules is recommended for differentiating feline progressive histiocytosis from Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells can be characterized by E-cadherin expression in about 10% of cases and marked T lymphocyte and neutrophil expression in the affected tissue. In this case, the histopathological exam along with immunohistochemistry was essential for differentiating them.
Topical effects of chondroitin sulfate, a monosulfated glycosaminoglycan, on the healing of alkali-burned corneas were studied. Forty albino rabbits were divided into two groups (GI and GII, n =20) submitted to corneal ulceration with 3 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH). GI was treated with a topical solution of 5% chondroitin sulfate 4 and chondroitin sulfate 6 and GII was treated with 0.9% physiological saline at 6 hour intervals in both cases. The rabbits were studied over a period of 60 days by biomicroscopy with a slit lamp in order to evaluate blepharospasm, blepharitis, chemosis, conjunctival congestion, ocular secretion, and corneal edema, neovascularization and macula. The fluorescein test was performed daily to monitor the evolution of the ulcers. The animals were submitted to eye enucleation for histopathology on the 1 st , 3 rd , 10 th , 30 th and 60 th day after ulcer induction. When compared to GII, GI showed 4 perforations. In the eyes in which no perforation occurred, no clinical or microscopic differences were observed between groups, except for ocular secretion, which persisted for a longer time in GII animals. Except for those with perforations, the corneas tended to heal, on average, within 30 days. The results permit us to conclude that the 5% chondroitin sulfate solution, when instilled on alkali-burned rabbit corneas did not alter healing when compared to the animals treated with 0.9% physiological saline.
Background: The hemangiossarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor originated from the alterations of vascular endothelial cells. As it has an aggressive behavior, it is indicated, as initial treatment, wide surgical excision, such as the exenteration, which results in the surgical removal of the ocular bulb and adjacent tissues. The referred technique has as a result a concave orbit and aesthetically unacceptable. Therefore, various materials, used as orbital implants, have been studied and used in several species. Thus, it was aimed to report the use of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to fill the orbital cavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival HSA.Case: A 10-year-old male Pitbull dog was assisted, with a clinical history of growth of a reddish tissue in the left eye, causing constant hemorrhage, with an evolution of two months. At ophthalmic examination of the left eye, in the temporal bulbar conjunctive was found a reddish neoformation, with an irregular surface, measuring approximately 4x2x2 cm. The biopsy and aspiration cytology of the neoformation, revealed cells that inferred that they were those of conjunctival HSA. The hemogram revealed normocytic anemia; the biochemical profile was with the standards of normality and no metastasis were found in the ultrasonography and X-ray. The treatment of choice was the exenteration. Initially, the palpebral borders were approximated using continuous simple suture wit monofilament nylon thread. An incision was made in the skin, along the orbital rim and then was performed a rhombus dissection of the conjunctive and all the extraocular muscles. Next, the eye globe, together with the neoplasia, soft tissues of the orbital cavity and third eyelid were removed. The PMMA was obtained from a mixture of the powder (polymer) and of the liquid (monomer) in the ratio of 1:1 in a sterile recipient, in order to obtain a liquid suspension. Still in its paste-like form, the PMMA was molded in the orbit itself without going beyond its limits, filling in. At the moment of the polymerization of the PMMA, the site was irrigated with cold sterile saline solution for the reduction of the temperature caused by the thermal reaction. For the closing of the conjunctive, a continuous simple suture was performed, using 910 4-0 polyglactin thread and, in the suture of the skin, simple interrupted stiches were used with 3-0 monofilament nylon thread. After the surgery, tramadol hydrochloride was administered at a dose of 2 mg/kg/SC and meloxicam at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/SC. In the post-operative phase, the animal was treated with ampicillin suspension at a dose of 20 mg/kg/TID/PO during 10 days; metronidazole at a dose of 15 mg/kg /BID/PO during 10 days and the application of 0.5% chloramphenicol ocular ointment, 10.000UI of retinyl acetate and 2.5% amino acids on the stiches, SID, until their removal. After nine months, the owner reported a satisfactory result in relation to the aesthetic aspect, denying the presence of any ocular alterations or discomfort of the animal.Discussion: The use of the PMMA implant proved to be an excellent alternative to fill the anophthalmic cavity after exenteration in a dog with conjunctival HSA, seen as it provided, most importantly, the maintenance of the orbital volume, granting an adequate aesthetic aspect, already established among some authors, without the presence of secretion, inflammation and local infection. It is worth emphasizing that, despite the patient in question having been treat with a broad-spectrum antibiotic after the surgery, in other reports, the absence of local infection was associated to the high temperature that the PMMA reaches during the exothermic reaction in the polymerization stage. Furthermore, the referred implant is cost-effective, offers easy molding to the orbit and absence of extrusion. In light of this, it is therefore suggested that the referred implant is a pertinent alternative for use in similar cases.
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