No abstract

The juveniles of Macrobrachium rosenbergii (0.060 ± 0.004 g and 2.018 ± 0.071 cm) were fed during 60 days with diets containing different doses of Lippia alba essential oil (EOLA) (0.0-control, 1.0, or 2.0 ml EOLA/kg diet; in triplicate, with 20 prawns/replicate). After the experimental period, were verified the survival, growth parameters and the antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and Na/K-ATPase activities in hepatopancreas and gills, respectively, of the animals. There were no significant differences on survival, growth parameters and gill Na/K-ATPase activity.However, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase activities were lower in hepatopancreas of prawns fed with 1.0 ml EOLA/kg diet compared to the control.Moreover, the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase was higher in hepatopancreas of prawns that received 2.0 ml EOLA/kg diet compared to those fed with 1.0 ml EOLA/kg diet. Although the addition of both EOLA doses has not improved the survival and growth parameters of M. rosenbergii, these doses contributed to decrease lipid peroxidation. Additionally, the dose of 2.0 ml EOLA/kg diet contributed for increasing the antioxidant enzymes activities in the hepatopancreas, improving antioxidant status, and therefore, it can be recommended as diet supplementation for M. rosenbergii.

Intensive aquaculture needs to adopt techniques that are able to contribute towards sustainability. Closed systems that employ water recirculation can combine intensive production with environmental sustainability, since there is no exchange of water or discharge of effluents into the environment. In order to achieve this, effective filtration systems are required to ensure that the water quality is satisfactory for the cultivation of aquatic organisms. Chitosan, an industrial waste material derived from crustacean farming, is a renewable natural material that is biodegradable and possesses adsorbent characteristics. In this work, chitosan foam was incorporated in filters and was evaluated as an adsorbent of aquaculture pollutants, adding value to the material and at the same time providing a use for industrial waste. The foam was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy, apparent density, and water absorption capacity. It was used to remove ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate, and turbidity from aquaculture effluents. The foam consisted of a bilayer with smooth and porous sides, which presented low density, flexibility, and high water absorption capacity. The best proportion of the foam, in terms of the mass of foam per volume of solution (% m v), was 0.10, which resulted in removal of 32.8, 57.2, 89.5, and 99.9% of ammonia, nitrite, orthophosphate, and turbidity, respectively. This biopolymer produced is biodegradable, and when saturated with organic compounds from aquaculture, and no longer suitable for reuse as a filter material, it can be employed as a fertilizer, hence closing the sustainability cycle of the aquaculture production chain.

RESUMO:O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de níveis de proteína digestível -PD na dieta sobre o desempenho do acará-bandeira (Pterophyllum scalare). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco tratamentos (30, 32, 34, 36 e 38% de PD) e quatro repetições, durante 60 dias. Foram utilizados 200 peixes, distribuídos em 20 aquários de 45l cada, em sistema de recirculação, com temperatura controlada e fotoperíodo de 12h. Os animais foram submetidos a uma dieta isoenergética 3200 Kcal.kg-1 de energia digestível e, contendo níveis crescentes de PD. Foram analisados os índices zootécnicos levando em consideração: ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de eficiência proteica, taxa de crescimento específico e conversão alimentar aparente. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA), seguida pelo teste de Tukey (P<0,05) e análise de regressão. Na avaliação dos índices zootécnicos, os animais alimentados com a dieta contendo 32% de PD apresentaram desempenho inferior aos demais. Os valores de 34%, 36% e 38% de PD não diferiram entre si (P>0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que juvenis de acará-bandeira podem ser alimentados com 34% de PD sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico, considerando o elevado custo associado à inclusão de proteína a níveis superiores. Palavras-chave: desempenho produtivo; nutrição; peixes ornamentais ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of levels of digestible protein -DP in the diet on the performance of the Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare). The design was completely randomized, consisting of five treatments (30%, 32%, 34%, 36% and 38% of DP) and four replications for 60 days. Two hundred fish were distributed in 20 tanks of 45 liters each in a recirculation system with controlled temperature and photoperiod of 12h (light / dark). The zootechnical indexes were analyzed taking into consideration: weight gain, feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, specific growth rate and apparent feed conversion. The results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test (P<0.05) and regression analysis. In the evaluation of the zootechnical indexes, the animals fed a diet containing 32% of DP presented inferior performance to the others. The values of 34%, 36% and 38% of DP did not differ from each other (P>0.05). Thus, it can be concluded that the juvenile angelfish can be fed with 34% PD without compromising the zootechnical performance, considering the high cost associated with the inclusion of protein at higher levels.

PONTES, T. C.; CAGOL, L.; DUTRA, F. M.; PORTZ, L. Disponibilidade do fósforo em alimentos de origem vegetal: atuação na nutrição de peixes. Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 18, n. 3, p. 199-205, jul./set. 2015. RESUMO:O trabalho aborda a utilização do fósforo na nutrição de peixes e em dietas formuladas com ingredientes de origem vegetal. Nestes ingredientes, o fósforo encontra-se de forma indisponível para animais monogástricos, devido à carência da enzima fitase. A suplementação de enzimas exógenas (fitase) em ração tem por objetivo aumentar a capacidade de absorção do fósforo em dietas contendo ingredientes de origem vegetal, reduzindo a perda por excreção deste nutriente para o ambiente aquático. A enzima atua hidrolisando o fitato, tornando-o disponível para o organismo. Devido à importância do fósforo na nutrição de peixes, esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos, sobre a importância na nutrição bem como sobre os fatores antinutricional e os benefícios causados pela inclusão da enzima em dietas balanceadas para peixes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fitato. Monogástricos. Enzima. Nutrição. PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN FOOD FROM VEGETABLE ORIGIN: PERFORMANCE IN FISH NUTRITIONABSTRACT: This paper discusses the use of phosphorus in fish nutrition and diets formulated with ingredients from vegetable origin. These ingredients from, phosphorus is unavailable for monogastric animals, due to the lack of the phytase enzyme. The supplementation of exogenous enzymes (phytase) in feed is intended to increase the phosphorus absorption capacity in diets containing ingredients from vegetable origin, reducing the loss of such nutrient by excretion into the aquatic environment. The enzyme acts hydrolyzing phytate, making it available to the body. Due to the importance of phosphorus in fish nutrition, this review presents some aspects importance, and anti-nutritional factor and benefits caused by the inclusion of the enzyme in fish balanced diets. KEY WORDS: Phytate. Monogastric. Enzyme. Nutrition. DISPONIBILIDAD DEL FÓSFORO EN ALIMENTOS DE ORIGEN VEGETAL: ACTUACIÓN EN LA NUTRICIÓN DE PECES RESUMEN:En este trabajo se aborda el uso de fósforo en la nutrición de peces y en dietas formuladas con ingredientes de origen vegetal. Estos ingredientes, el fósforo se encuentra de forma indisponible para animales monogástricos, debido a la falta de la enzima fitasa. La suplementación de enzimas exógenas (fitasa) en la ración tiene por objetivo aumentar la capacidad de absorción del fósforo en dietas que contienen ingredientes de origen vegetal, reduciendo la pérdida por excreción de este nutriente para el ambiente acuático. La enzima actúa hidrolizando el fitato, haciéndolo disponible para el cuerpo. Debido la importancia del fósforo en la alimentación de peces, esta revisión presenta algunos aspectos, tales como la importancia en la nutrición de peces, como el factor anti nutricional y los beneficios causados por la inclusión de la enzima en dietas balanceadas.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the performance of amazon prawn, Macrobrachium amazonicum, fed practical diets containing increasing levels of crude protein. Experimental design followed a complete randomized distribution, with five treatments and six replicates. The treatments are equivalent to crude protein levels, dry matter basis, in the diet: 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 g kg - 1. Experimental units were into a recirculation system with mechanical and biological filter to keep the water quality within the suitable range for prawn culture. At the end of the trial mean prawn survival ranged from 84.8 to 91.3 % without significant differences among treatments (p> 0.05). Results show a quadratic growth for final weight, weight gain, final length and length growth, with the increase of crude protein levels in the diet. Prawn fed diets with 370 and 348 g kg -1 achieved significant higher weight gain and length growth, respectively (p < 0.05). The body composition of amazon prawns was influenced by crude protein levels in the diet, in which the level of 350 g kg -1 caused an increase in moisture content and reduction in crude protein deposition (p <0.05) compared to the level of 200 g kg -1 . The recommended crude protein level in the diet of M. amazonicum juveniles is 370 g kg -1. Key words: aquaculture; body composition; growth; energy:protein ratio; nutrition. RESUMOO objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho do camarão-da-amazônia, Macrobrachium amazonicum, alimentado com dietas práticas contendo níveis crescentes de proteína bruta. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos avaliados corresponderam aos seguintes níveis de proteína bruta, com base na matéria seca, na dieta: 200, 250, 300, 350 e 400 g kg -1 . As unidades experimentais estavam em um sistema de recirculação com filtro mecânico e biológico, de modo a manter a qualidade da água em níveis adequados para o cultivo de camarões. Ao final do experimento, a sobrevivência média variou de 84,8 a 91,3%, não sendo observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos (p>0,05). Os resultados demonstram um crescimento quadrático para peso final, ganho de peso, comprimento final e crescimento em comprimento com o aumento dos níveis de proteína bruta na dieta. Os juvenis alimentados com dietas contendo 370 e 348 g kg -1 de proteína bruta alcançaram maior ganho de peso e crescimento em comprimento, respectivamente (p <0,05). A composição corporal dos camarões-da-amazônia foi influenciada pelos níveis de proteína bruta na dieta, em que o nível de 350 g kg -1 causou aumento nos teores de umidade e redução na deposição de proteína bruta (p <0,05) comparado com o nível de 200 g kg -1 . Recomenda-se o fornecimento de 370 g de proteína bruta por kg de dieta para juvenis de M. amazonicum.

No abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the best level of substitution of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM), as protein source in practical diets for juveniles of Macrobrachium amazonicum. Juveniles, with initial mean weight of 0.16 ± 0.66 g, were stocked at a density equivalent to 150 juveniles m-2 in a recirculating aquaculture system. Treatments consisted of the proportions of fish meal and soybean meal (FM:SBM) in diets, namely: 0: 100, 20:80, 40:60, 70:30, 100:0 with five replicates per treatment. At the end of the 45 days trial, prawns were counted, measured, weighed, and the bromatological analysis of the whole body was performed. Survival remained above 94% in all treatments (p>0.05). A corporal bromatological analysis showed significant among treatments only for crude protein (p <0.05). The results of the production performance showed that the inclusion of up to 30% of SBM in replacement for FM (70:30) did not interfere, significantly, in the performance of the prawns (p>0.05), making possible the use of soybean meal in diets for juveniles of Amazonian river prawn.