One-hundred and fifteen anisakid larvae from 3 different fish hosts, Aphanopus carbo, Scomber japonicus, and Trachurus picturatus, caught in Madeiran waters, were identified by PCR-RFLP. Three distinct species were identified in A. carbo, namely Anisakis simplex sensu srricto, Anisakis pegreffii, and Anisakis ziphidarum; 5 in S. japonicus, i.e., A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, Anisakis physeteris, Anisakis typica, and A. ziphidarum; and 3 in T. picturatus, i.e., A. simplex s.s., A. pegreffii, and A. typica. Anisakis simplex s.s. was the most frequent species in both A. carbo and S. japonicus (54% and 23.5%, respectively). Anisakis pegreffii and A. physeteris occurred with a frequency of 20.6% in S. japonicus, whereas in T. picturatus the most frequent species was A. typica (41.9%), followed by A. simplex s.s. (32.3%). Furthermore, A. carbo and S. japonicus were infected by an apparently undescribed taxon, provisionally named Anisakis sp. A. Based on estimations of the genetic distance, this new taxon seems to be more similar to A. ziphidarum (0.0335) than to other species of the genus.

Larval stages of Anisakis spp. (Nematoda: Anisakidae) were found encapsulated or free in the viscera and abdominal cavity of the black-scabbard fish, Aphanopus carbo, chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus and oceanic horse mackerel, Trachurus picturatus in Madeiran waters. The prevalence of infection reached 97.2% for A. carbo, 69.5% for S. japonicus and 62.5% for T. picturatus. Considerable differences in parasite intensities between A. carbo and both S. japonicus and T. picturatus were found, with mean intensities up to 69.6 in A. carbo, while in the other two fish hosts the intensity reached only a maximum of 2.6. These differences were probably due to different feeding behaviours of the hosts. Intensities of Anisakis sp. in A. carbo were high irrespective of sex and season. No relationship between host length and prevalence of infection was observed for A. carbo, while for S. japonicus a weak positive significant relationship was found.

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A new species endemic from the island of Porto Santo (Madeira Archipelago) is described as Echium portosanctensis J.A. Carvalho, Pontes, Batista-Marques & R. Jardim. Morphological studies based on reproductive and vegetative traits revealed a set of diagnostic characters confirming separation of E. portosanctensis from other recognized species at sectional level. A taxonomic diagnosis, a morphological description and illustrations of the new species are provided. Images, distribution maps, ecological data and a key for Madeiran species of Echium are also provided. Diagnostic characters, conservation status, threats and speciation mechanisms are discussed. In addition, reports on the occurrence of E. candicans on the island of Porto Santo are also discussed.

PONTES, T. C.; CAGOL, L.; DUTRA, F. M.; PORTZ, L. Disponibilidade do fósforo em alimentos de origem vegetal: atuação na nutrição de peixes. Arq. Ciênc. Vet. Zool. UNIPAR, Umuarama, v. 18, n. 3, p. 199-205, jul./set. 2015. RESUMO:O trabalho aborda a utilização do fósforo na nutrição de peixes e em dietas formuladas com ingredientes de origem vegetal. Nestes ingredientes, o fósforo encontra-se de forma indisponível para animais monogástricos, devido à carência da enzima fitase. A suplementação de enzimas exógenas (fitase) em ração tem por objetivo aumentar a capacidade de absorção do fósforo em dietas contendo ingredientes de origem vegetal, reduzindo a perda por excreção deste nutriente para o ambiente aquático. A enzima atua hidrolisando o fitato, tornando-o disponível para o organismo. Devido à importância do fósforo na nutrição de peixes, esta revisão apresenta alguns aspectos, sobre a importância na nutrição bem como sobre os fatores antinutricional e os benefícios causados pela inclusão da enzima em dietas balanceadas para peixes. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Fitato. Monogástricos. Enzima. Nutrição. PHOSPHORUS AVAILABILITY IN FOOD FROM VEGETABLE ORIGIN: PERFORMANCE IN FISH NUTRITIONABSTRACT: This paper discusses the use of phosphorus in fish nutrition and diets formulated with ingredients from vegetable origin. These ingredients from, phosphorus is unavailable for monogastric animals, due to the lack of the phytase enzyme. The supplementation of exogenous enzymes (phytase) in feed is intended to increase the phosphorus absorption capacity in diets containing ingredients from vegetable origin, reducing the loss of such nutrient by excretion into the aquatic environment. The enzyme acts hydrolyzing phytate, making it available to the body. Due to the importance of phosphorus in fish nutrition, this review presents some aspects importance, and anti-nutritional factor and benefits caused by the inclusion of the enzyme in fish balanced diets. KEY WORDS: Phytate. Monogastric. Enzyme. Nutrition. DISPONIBILIDAD DEL FÓSFORO EN ALIMENTOS DE ORIGEN VEGETAL: ACTUACIÓN EN LA NUTRICIÓN DE PECES RESUMEN:En este trabajo se aborda el uso de fósforo en la nutrición de peces y en dietas formuladas con ingredientes de origen vegetal. Estos ingredientes, el fósforo se encuentra de forma indisponible para animales monogástricos, debido a la falta de la enzima fitasa. La suplementación de enzimas exógenas (fitasa) en la ración tiene por objetivo aumentar la capacidad de absorción del fósforo en dietas que contienen ingredientes de origen vegetal, reduciendo la pérdida por excreción de este nutriente para el ambiente acuático. La enzima actúa hidrolizando el fitato, haciéndolo disponible para el cuerpo. Debido la importancia del fósforo en la alimentación de peces, esta revisión presenta algunos aspectos, tales como la importancia en la nutrición de peces, como el factor anti nutricional y los beneficios causados por la inclusión de la enzima en dietas balanceadas.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico da tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) alimentado com ingredientes vegetais, complementado com enzima fitase granulada e líquida. Para realizar do estudo, utilizou-se 600 juvenis de tilápia do Nilo (peso inicial médio de 1,72 ± 2,21 g e comprimento inicial médio de 9,46 ± 0,64 cm) invertidos sexualmente para machos, durante 64 dias. O design experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com seis dietas: controle negativo (sem fosfato inorgânico e sem adição de fitase), controle positivo (com fosfato inorgânico), duas dietas (1500 e 3000 FTU/kg) com fitase granuladas e duas dietas (1500 e 3000 FTU/kg) com fitase líquida, com cinco repetições. As dietas foram isoenergéticas com 3100 kcal/kg e isoproteicas com 28% de proteína bruta. A fitase granulada foi adicionada antes e depois da extrusão e a fitase líquida adicionada após o processamento. A forma líquida de fitase forneceu o melhor desempenho e o melhor conteúdo protéico na carcaça. Também foi observado o mesmo quanto aos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente de proteína e matéria mineral. A retenção de fósforo no plasma e nas vértebras não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos. Com os resultados concluiu-se que a adição de fitase na forma líquida é mais eficiente, podendo ser adicionadas nas dietas níveis mais baixos.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the best level of substitution of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal (SBM), as protein source in practical diets for juveniles of Macrobrachium amazonicum. Juveniles, with initial mean weight of 0.16 ± 0.66 g, were stocked at a density equivalent to 150 juveniles m-2 in a recirculating aquaculture system. Treatments consisted of the proportions of fish meal and soybean meal (FM:SBM) in diets, namely: 0: 100, 20:80, 40:60, 70:30, 100:0 with five replicates per treatment. At the end of the 45 days trial, prawns were counted, measured, weighed, and the bromatological analysis of the whole body was performed. Survival remained above 94% in all treatments (p>0.05). A corporal bromatological analysis showed significant among treatments only for crude protein (p <0.05). The results of the production performance showed that the inclusion of up to 30% of SBM in replacement for FM (70:30) did not interfere, significantly, in the performance of the prawns (p>0.05), making possible the use of soybean meal in diets for juveniles of Amazonian river prawn.