Nanofertilizers are increasingly explored for sustainable micronutrient delivery in agriculture. Pre-treating seeds with nanofertilizers prior to planting (i.e., seed priming) reduces concerns about nanoparticle (NP) fertilizer non-target dispersion; however, priming formulations and concentrations must be carefully selected to avoid germination inhibition and toxicity. Here we investigate changes in corn seed germination and seedling development after seed priming with ZnO NPs, ZnO bulk and ZnCl2. To evaluate the effects sterile seeds were immersed in priming solutions of 0, 20, 40, 80, 160 mg L−1 Zn for the three Zn sources. Following an 8 h priming the seeds were evaluated for germination and vigor for 5 days on germination paper. Root and shoot lengths were measured as well as fresh and dry biomass. Compared to the control, the ZnO NP and ZnCl2 seed priming promoted beneficial effects. ZnO NP seed-priming exhibited a concentration dependent profile in improving seedling growth, with greatest benefit around 80 mg L−1, providing 17%, 25% and 12% higher values than control for germination, root length, and dry biomass production, respectively. In contrast, seeds primed with bulk ZnO did not differ from the control. These findings support NP-seed priming as an alternative to delivery of essential micronutrients, such as zinc, to corn seedlings.
Knowing the nutrient removal by soybean grain harvest in different varieties, locations, and over time is essential to correctly adjust agronomic recommendations, update farmers’ practices, and increase nutrient use efficiency. A field-based research trial was carried out to assess macronutrients [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S)] removed in grain by modern soybean varieties from southern Brazil introduced between 2007 and 2016. We examined changes between our set of modern varieties and a dataset of historical values encompassing a wide range of varieties introduced before 2007. Moreover, we undertook a synthesis analysis using scientific literature published after 2007 to investigate nutrient removal by grain among modern Brazilian soybeans and a dataset that included field trials from Argentina, United States, and India. There were no yield gains across the years for modern soybean varieties introduced among 2007 and 2016 in Brazil, although the grain N and Mg concentrations decreased. Modern Brazilian soybeans increased nutrient removal compared with that by soybeans historically planted in Brazil, with 11.1, 26.9, 45.0, and 31.6% more N, P, K, and Mg removed, respectively. Our results indicated that soybean growing in Brazil removed 4.3% less N relative to the values reported in the literature dataset, whereas K removal was 21.4% greater. A significant difference was also recorded for high-yield soybean varieties, and Brazilian varieties removed 11.8% less N and 8.6% more K than varieties in the literature dataset. No differences were found among locations for P removal, averaging 4.9 kg Mg–1 grain. In conclusion, this study indicates that the amounts of nutrients removed by modern soybean varieties were greater relative to the historical values recorded in Brazil, excluding Ca and S. Nonetheless, in the middle to long term (10 years), a significant impact of plant breeding on grain nutrient concentration was recorded only for N and Mg. The difference in nutrient removal patterns between Brazil and other countries indicates an integrated effect of management, genotype, and environment on nutrient removal. These findings provide guidance for optimal nutrient management and specific information for plant breeding programs to understand nutrient variability.
The soybean crop presents several cultivars available. The performance of each cultivar in the field is associated with its genetic characteristics and the interaction of these with environment. Specific recommendations according to environment are made soybean cultivars release based on adaptability and stability analyzes. This research evaluated twelve soybean cultivars in the northern region of Paraná State Brazil, in order to recommend the most suitable and stable cultivar. The experiment was designed in complete randomized blocks four sites: Maringá, Floresta, Cambé and Apucarana, with four replications, in 2017/2018 growing season. Totaling 48 experimental units per site, that is, a total of 192 in the experiment. The variables evaluated were: one thousand grain mass, productivity, hectoliter weight, number of pods per plant and number of grains per plant. The cultivars were evaluated for adaptability and stability by the methodologies proposed by Lin and Binns (1988) and a bi-segmented regression method according to Cruz et al. (1989). The results indicated that the selection was more reliable when the two methodologies were used, due to their correlation coefficients. Soybean cultivar 3 presented promising behavior in regions studied.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the isolated effect and the combination of products in the chemical treatment on the physiological potential of soybean seeds with different vigor levels, after different storage periods. The study was divided into four experiments, with different storage periods: 0, 45, 90 and 135 days, all with a completely randomized design, with four replicates. The treatments were arranged in a 12 x 2 (A x B) factorial scheme, in which factor A consisted of the application of seed treatment and factor B consisted of initial vigor levels. The physiological potential of the seeds was determined by means of the following evaluations: first germination count, seed germination, seedling emergence in the sand substrate, accelerated aging with NaCl-saturated solution, vigor index and average seedling length (Vigor-S®). Storage of seeds under uncontrolled conditions causes greater deterioration, and this process can be intensified by previous chemical treatment of the seeds. Among the products studied, the use of drying powder alone was the treatment that caused the greatest losses in the different situations studied. To ensure the maintenance of the physiological potential of soybean seeds, treatment should be carried out as close as possible to sowing.
Soybean is one of the crops worldwide cultivated, and although it is usually commercialized quantitatively, qualitative characteristics of its production are highlighted, particularly oil and protein content, which is important for human and animal nutrition besides higher industrial yields in the synthesis of its derivatives. This study assessed the quality seed changes of soybean cultivated under different potassium rates in an Oxisol under no-tillage system in Floresta, Paraná State, Brazil. The experiment designed was in complete randomized blocks composed of a cross factorial (5 × 2) with four replicates. It was carried out in two growing seasons (2016/2017 and 2017/2018) totaling 40 experimental units. The rates (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha-1 of K) corresponded to the first factor and sowing fertilization (0 and 30 kg ha-1 of K) was the second factor. Seed electrical conductivity, water content, seed K leaching, seed K content, oil and protein content, seed density, seed mass and yield were measured. The results indicated that K application for soybean may promote better quality seeds production, since electric conductivity, oil and water content and yield have increased in some conditions, although the sowing fertilization did not influence.
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