Background Allergic rhinitis is one of the most common chronic

Anemia defisiensi besi masih merupakan masalah kesehatan terutama di negara yang sedang berkembang. Zat besi banyak dibutuhkan otak karena metabolisme oksidasinya yang tinggi. Beberapa enzim dalam proses oksidasi dan metabolisme sel membutuhkan besi. Gangguan kognitif pada anemia defisiensi besi telah banyak diteliti. Beberapa hal yang berhubungan dengan gangguan kognitif pada anemia defisiensi telah dikemukakan; terganggunya enzim-enzim yang berperan dalam metabolisme otak, gangguan dalam mielinisasi dan terganggunya oksigenasi sel. Pada pemeriksaan terhadap bayi yang menderita anemia defisiensi besi didapatkan skor Mental Development Index (MDI) yang rendah dan Infant Behavior Record (IBR) memperlihatkan perbedaan emosi. Pada anak usia sekolah didapatkan prestasi belajar yang rendah dan konsentrasi belajar yang singkat.Kata kunci: anemia defisiensi besi, gangguan kognitif Sari

Background

Background The most common nutritional problem affecting the pediatric population in developing countries is protein energy malnutrition (PEM). The nutritional problem may be caused by a variety of factors, most of which are related inadequate food intake and infection. One of the highest causes of morbidity and mortality in endemic areas is malaria. Malaria infection and nutritional status have been suggested to be interrelated.Objective To assess for a relationship between nutritional status and malaria infection in children.Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in October and November 2010 in primary school children at Panyabungan City, North Sumatera Province. Peripheral thick and thin blood smear examinations were done to confirm the diagnosis of malaria. Participants were divided in two groups (malaria-infected and uninfected) by consecutive sampling. Nutritional status was determined by body weight and height measurements based on the 2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) chart. The mild and moderate malnutrition classification was further sub-divided into stunted and wasted, based on the 2007 NCHS/WHO chart. Chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between nutritional status and malaria infection.Results There were 126 children in each group. Significant differences in mild-moderate malnutrition were found between the malaria-infected and uninfected groups (23.8% vs. 46.8%, respectively; P= 0.011). There were also significant differences between the malaria-infected and uninfected groups with regards to chronic malnutrition type: stunted (20.0% vs. 37.3%, respectively; P=0.042) and stunted-wasted (6.7% vs. 28.8%, respectively; P= 0.008) in both groups of the children with mild-moderate malnutrition.Conclusion There are significantly more children with mild-moderate malnutrition in the uninfected group than in the malaria-infected group, furthermore, of those with mild-moderate malnutrition, there are significantly more stunted and stunted-wasted children who were uninfected than malaria-infected.

Background Some studies have shown that low birth order is a risk factor for developing atopy, although these results remain inconclusive. Those studies put forth the hygiene hypothesis, which states that early childhood infections in siblings may protect against atopy. Hence, an inverse relationship between family numbers and atopy was found. Atopy may be diagnosed from a history of atopy in an individual or his family, and can be confirmed by specific IgE for allergens or positive skin prick tests.Objective To assess for an association between skin prick test reactivity in atopic children and their number of siblings.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in May to June 2010 in elementary school children at the Kampung Baru District, Medan Regency, North Sumatera. Subjects were divided into two groups. Group I had children with < 3 siblings and group II had children with ≥ 3 siblings. Skin prick tests were done in 7 to 10-year-old children with a history of asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Skin prick test reactivity results were analyzed by Chi-square test.Results A total of 192 subjects were enrolled in this study, with 96 subjects in each group. Positive skin prick tests were significantly higher in subjects with <3 siblings than in those with >3 siblings (75% and 53.1%, respectively; P=0.003).Conclusion Atopic children with <3 siblings had more positive skin prick tests than children with >3 siblings.

Asma merupakan penyakit yang mempunyai predisposisi genetik, dipengaruhi oleh faktorlingkungan prenatal dan pasca natal. Sebagaimana penyakit atopi lain seperti rinitisalergi dan dermatitis atopi dalam perjalanannya asma dipengaruhi oleh adanya sensitisasiprimer oleh alergen dan pajanan berikutnya yang akan meningkatkan produksi IgEspesifik. Penyakit asma diketahui sering bersamaan dengan penyakit alergi saluran napaslainnya. Hal ini karena saluran napas atas dan saluran napas bawah merupakan saluranyang berhubungan dan bila terjadi gangguan pada saluran napas atas akan mempengaruhisaluran napas bawah.

Background Some studies have shown that low birth order is

No abstract