Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure can trigger asthma exacerbations in children. Different studies have linked increased asthma symptoms and even deaths in children with SHS, but the risk has not been quantified uniformly across studies. We aimed to investigate the role of SHS exposure as a risk factor of asthma among children. Methods We performed a systematic review in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar from June 1975 to 10 March 2020. We included cohort, case‐control, and cross‐sectional studies reporting odds ratio (OR) or relative risk estimates and confidence intervals of all types of SHS exposure and childhood asthma. Results Of the 26 970 studies identified, we included 93 eligible studies (42 cross‐sectional, 41 cohort, and 10 case‐control) in the meta‐analysis. There were significantly positive associations between SHS exposure and doctor‐diagnosed asthma (OR = 1.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.20‐1.28), wheezing (OR = 1.27; 95% CI = 1.23‐1.32) and asthma‐like syndrome (OR = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.34‐1.64). The funnel plots of all three outcomes skewed to the right, indicating that the studies generally favor a positive association of the disease with tobacco exposure. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that younger children tended to suffer more from developing doctor‐diagnosed asthma, but older children (adolescents) suffered more from wheezing. There was no evidence of significant publication or small study bias using Egger's and Begg's tests. Conclusion The results show a positive association between prenatal and postnatal secondhand smoking exposure and the occurrence of childhood asthma, asthma‐like syndrome, and wheezing. These results lend support to continued efforts to reduce childhood exposure to secondhand smoke.

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The world has adopted unprecedented lockdown as the key method to mitigate COVID-19; yet its effect on pandemic outcomes and health disparities remains largely unknown. Adopting a multilevel conceptual framework, this research investigates how city-level lockdown policy and public transit system shape mobility and thus intra-city health disparities, using New York City as a case study. With a spatial method and multiple sources of data, this research demonstrates the uneven impact of the lockdown policy and public transit system in shaping local pandemic outcomes. Census tracts with people spending more time at home have lower infection and death rates, while those with a higher density of transit stations have higher infection and death rates. Residential profile matters and census tracts with a higher concentration of disadvantaged population, such as Blacks, Hispanics, poor and elderly people, and people with no health insurance, have higher infection and death rates. Spatial analyses identify clusters where the lockdown policy was not effective and census tracts that share similar pandemic characteristics. Through the lens of mobility, this research advances knowledge of health disparities by focusing on institutional causes for health disparities and the role of the government through intervention policy and public transit system.

Visible-light-promoted sulfidation and phosphorylation of arylhydrazines for the synthesis of aromatic sulfides and diarylphosphoryl hydrazides were developed using the organic dyes rose bengal and Na2-eosin Y as photocatalysts, respectively.