Purpose Although collaborative research is believed to be an important means of accessing external knowledge, research on whether taking a strategic network position benefits new product development (NPD) is inconclusive. This study aims to unravel the conditions under which taking a strategic position within a collaborative research network is conducive for a firm’s NPD. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on social network theory, absorptive capacity theory and knowledge recombinant studies, this study examines how strategic network positions (i.e. degree centrality and structural holes) and knowledge base cohesion (i.e. local and global cohesion) in tandem affect a firm’s NPD. A panel data set of 366 firms in the Chinese automobile sector (2002–2010) is empirically analyzed, using the panel negative binomial approach with random effects and several alternate estimation approaches. Findings This study reveals that, rather than the volume of a firm’s knowledge base, its cohesion determines how it absorbs and uses knowledge accrued from collaborative research for NPD. Specifically, this paper finds that centrally positioned firms have greater NPD when their knowledge bases are locally cohesive, while firms spanning structural holes have more NPD when their knowledge bases are globally cohesive. Originality/value Successfully transferring collaborative research outcomes into product innovation is difficult. This study contributes to the literature on strategic network positions and NPD. The findings advance the understanding of knowledge base cohesion’s moderating role in explaining how firms absorb and exploit external knowledge for internal innovation. The findings also have important implications for managers who wish to promote product innovation by engaging in collaborative research with external partners.

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We examine how the performance of teams and of the individuals within them varies with disparity in team member ability and with the reward structure in place. We carry out an experiment on a sample of 240 participants which first played a Counter‐Strike Game to determine their level of proficiency, then played in three‐person teams made up of a high, a medium and a low level performer. We observed the effect of both a competitive reward and of a cooperative one on team performance. The results indicate that when the disparity in ability is large, teams compensated using a competitive reward outperform those subject to a cooperative reward, but when the disparity in ability is small, reward structure has no influence on team performance. Hierarchical Linear Modelling (HLM) analysis confirms these findings at the individual level. Our study has implications for optimal team composition and the structuring of rewards. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

BackgroundMonoclonal antibodies (mAbs), as an emerging technology, have become increasingly important in the development of human therapeutic agents. How developing countries such as China could seize this emerging technological opportunity remains a poorly studied issue in prior literature. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the research and development of mAbs in China based on an innovation system functions approach and probes into the question of how China has been taking advantage of emerging technologies to overcome its challenges of building up a complete innovation system in developing mAbs.MethodsMixed research methods were applied by combining archival data and field interviews. Archival data from the China Food and Drug Administration, Web of Science, the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, and the National Science and Technology Report Service were used to examine the status quo of the technology and research and development (R&D) activities in China, while the opinions of researchers and managers in this field were synthesized from the interviews.ResultsFrom the perspective of innovation system functions, technological development of mAb in China is being driven by incentives such as the subsidies from the State and corporate R&D funding. Knowledge diffusion has been well served over the last 10 years through exchanging information on networks and technology transfer with developed countries. The State has provided clear guidance on search of emerging mAb technologies. Legitimacy of mAb in China has gained momentum owing to the implementation of government policies stipulated in the “The Eleventh Five-year Plan” in 2007, as well as national projects such as the “973 Program” and “863 Program”, among others. The potential of market formation stays high because of the rising local demand and government support. Entrepreneurial activities for mAb continue to prosper. In addition, the situation of resource supply has been improved with the support of the State.ConclusionsThis study finds that a complete innovation system for mAb has begun to take shape in China. MAb innovators in China are capitalizing on this emerging technological opportunity to participate in the global drive of developing the value chain for the innovative drug. In the long run, the build-up of the research system for mAb in China could bring about more driving forces to the mAb innovation system.

We have created “You, M.D.”, an interactive museum exhibit in which users learn about topics in public health literacy while interacting with virtual humans. You, M.D. is equipped with a weight sensor, a height sensor and a Microsoft Kinect that gather basic user information. Conceptually, You, M.D. could use this user information to dynamically select the appearance of the virtual humans in the interaction attempting to improve learning outcomes and user perception for each particular user. For this concept to be possible, a better understanding of how different elements of the visual appearance of a virtual human affects user perceptions is required. In this paper, we present the results of an initial user study with a large sample size (n =333) ran using You, M.D. The study measured users’ reactions based on the user’s gender and body-mass index (BMI) when facing virtual humans with BMI either concordant or discordant from the user’s BMI. The results of the study indicate that concordance between the users’ BMI and the virtual human’s BMI affects male and female users differently. The results also show that female users rate virtual humans as more knowledgeable than male users rate the same virtual humans.

Herein, new zircon U-Pb ages, whole-rock major and trace element geochemistry, and Hf isotopes are presented for four Mesozoic granitic rock samples within the Qingchengzi district, eastern China. These data provide precise age and petrogenesis information with respect to the Mesozoic intrusions in the Qingchengzi district, which further constrain the initial decratonization process of the eastern North China Craton (NCC). The zircon U-Pb data reveal that these granitoids are emplaced in the following two stages: Triassic (243-220 Ma) and Middle Jurassic (∼164 Ma). These Mesozoic rocks (lithology: syenogranite, monzogranite, and biotite granite) contain high concentrations of silica (68.94-77.07 wt.%) and total alkali (7.35-9.71 wt.%) together with low concentrations of MgO (0.07-0.98 wt.%), total Fe 2 O 3 (0.81-2.92 wt.%), and CaO (0.17-1.80 wt.%), and they are characterized by an enrichment of large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Rb, Cs, and K) and light rare earth elements (LREEs)in addition to depletion of high-field-strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, and Ti) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), indicating that these Mesozoic rocks are similar to I-type granitoids. The ε Hf (t) values of the magmatic zircons in these granitoids range from −18.7 to −11.4. Such geochemical characteristics indicate that these granitoid formations were generated by the partial melting of the ancient lower crustal material. However, the occurrence of mafic microgranular enclaves in the Shuangdinggou monzogranite implies the mixing of the mantle-derived magmas.Combined with the results of the previous research, these new data indicate that initial decratonization of the eastern NCC occurred during the Triassic period in response to the collision and amalgamation of the Yangtze Craton and NCC. During the Jurassic, the dynamic mechanism of lithospheric thinning was overprinted owing to the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. Furthermore, cratonic destruction reached its peak during the Early Cretaceous, which could be related to the asthenospheric upwelling induced by the rollback of the subducting oceanic slab.[Correction added on 21 October 2019, after first online publication: Funding information has been added.]

Based on the literature review of previous studies in court interaction, this paper tries to confine its discussion into a relatively detailed topic— presuppositions—in both direct examination and cross-examination. The primary aim is to examine the interaction between illocutionary acts, meaning and intentions in court discourse, which is helpful to understand the interaction between different discourse community in judicial system, while the ultimate goal is to investigate the balance between narrative and persuasion achieved by patterns of presuppositions, which are initiated by court questioners: prosecutors and lawyers. This paper finds in direct examination, presuppositions make evidence more admissible, witness more credible and therefore narrative more coherent, believable; in cross-examination, presuppositions are mainly used to challenge the credibility of the hostile witness and therefore deconstruct the narrative of the opposite lawyer. A presupposition is a method of verifying or challenging facts and credibility.