As remoções eletroquímicas de cor e do conteúdo orgânico de soluções do corante laranja reativo 16 (RO16) foram efetuadas usando uma célula em fluxo e um eletrodo de trabalho de Pt. As influências das variáveis do sistema, tais como fluxo, concentração de NaCl, potencial aplicado e pH da solução, foram estudadas. A melhor remoção de cor foi de 93% (l = 493 nm) após 60 min de eletrólise potentiostática a 2,2 V vs. ERH, usando 1,00 g L -1 NaCl como eletrólito suporte. Os aumentos na concentração de NaCl e do potencial aumentam a velocidade de remoção de cor. A melhor remoção de carbono orgânico total (57%) foi obtida com a aplicação de 1,8 V, sem membrana de separação, indicando que as melhores condições para remoção de cor não são necessariamente as melhores para remover conteúdo orgânico. A eficiência de degradação diminui com a diminuição do pH da solução.Electrochemical removals of color and organic load from solutions containing the dye reactive orange 16 (RO16) were performed in an electrochemical flow-cell, using a platinum working electrode. The influence of the process variables flow-rate, such as NaCl concentration, applied potential and solution pH, were studied. The best color removal achieved was 93% (l = 493 nm) after 60 min at 2.2 V vs. RHE electrolysis, using 1.00 g L -1 NaCl as supporting electrolyte. The rises in the concentration of NaCl and applied potential increased the color removal rate. The best total organic carbon removal (57%) was obtained at 1.8 V, without the separating membrane, indicating that the ideal conditions for the color removal are not necessarily the same as those to remove the total organic carbon. The degradation efficiency decreased with the solution pH decrease.Keywords: decolorization, textile effluent, electrochemical degradation, reactive dye, Pt electrode IntroductionWhen untreated textile effluents are discharged into receiving water bodies many environmental problems can occur. The principal problems are that the presence of dyes (even at concentrations of < 1 ppm) that can cause considerable coloration in water courses, affect transparency to natural light (reducing photosynthesis), reduce gas solubility and may also present carcinogenic and mutagenic properties. 1,2Wide varieties of dyes are used in the textile industry and can be classified according to the manner in which they are fixed to the textile fiber (e.g., direct, reactive) or by their chemical structure (e.g., azo, anthraquinone). In the textile industry, reactive dyes are widely used due to their relatively easy application in the dyeing process and stability during wear. As a result of this stability, reactive dyes may require more complicated systems to achieve their removal from effluent flows. A number of methods presented in the literature are traditionally used to treat textile effluent and they are generally based on physical, chemical and biological treatments.3-5 Physical treatment methods tend to simply transfer the pollutant to a different phase and biological methods can be prolonged and ...

No abstract

This work explored and contrasted the effect of microstructure on the tensile properties of AlSi10Mg alloys generated by transient directional solidification depending on variations in cooling rate and magnesium (Mg) content (i.e., 0.45 and 1 wt.% Mg), with a focus on understanding the dendritic growth and phases constitution. Optical and scanning electron (SEM) microscopies, CALPHAD, and thermal analysis were used to describe the microstructure, forming phases, and resulting tensile properties. The findings showed that the experimental evolution of the primary dendritic spacing is very similar when both directionally solidified (DS) Al-10 wt.% Si-0.45 wt.% Mg and Al-10 wt.% Si-1 wt.% Mg alloys samples are compared. The secondary dendritic spacing was lower for the alloy with more Mg, especially considering the range of high growth velocities. Moreover, a greater fraction of (Al + Si + Mg2Si) ternary eutectic islands surrounding the α-Al dendritic matrix was noted for the alloy with 1 wt.% Mg. As a result of primary dendritic spacings greater than 180 μm related to lower cooling rates, slightly higher tensile properties were attained for the Al-10 wt.% Si-0.45 wt.% Mg alloy. In contrast, combining dendritic refining (<150 μm) and a larger Mg2Si fraction, fast-solidified DS Al-10 wt.% Si-1 wt.% Mg samples exhibited higher tensile strength and elongation. The control of cooling rate and fineness of the dendritic array provided a new insight related to the addition of Mg in slightly higher levels than conventional ones, capable of achieving a better balance of tensile properties in AlSi10Mg alloys.

In the present study, photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of real textile wastewater was performed. Degradation assays were performed at constant current (40 mA cm(-2)) in a combined electro/photochemical flow-cell using a Ti/Ru(0.3)Ti(0.7)O(2) DSA type electrode. The results show that the method is capable of removing color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from the effluent. Additionally, the effect of initial pH and type of supporting electrolyte (Na(2)SO(4) or NaCl) was investigated. The principal figures of merit used in this study were COD removal and color removal (605 nm). The results show that up to 72% color and up to 59% COD removal in 120 min is possible under the operating conditions employed. Studies of the phytotoxicity of the wastewater before and after the photo-assisted degradation assays are also presented and the results demonstrate that the toxicity of the effluent is dependent on the length of electrolysis time and the treatment procedure employed.

Chemotherapy is a standard treatment method for the patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Lately, cyclophosphamide (CYP) and doxorubicin (DOX) are used as the major chemotherapeutic agents especially for the treatment of breast cancer. Till date, no serum biomarker has been able to provide an early diagnosis of breast cancer. This study aimed to assess inflammatory, cardiac, renal and hematological markers in 56 breast cancer patients (BCP) before, during and after termination of chemotherapy with CYP and DOX. Blood samples were collected from the patients at the each treatment stages mentioned above. These samples were assessed for interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), creatinine, hemoglobin (Hb), leukocyte, platelet and Na /K -ATPase levels either by ELISA or colorimetric methods. The results suggest a significant increase in IL-6 level at all the stages in BCP as compared to control group. On the other hand, IL-10, CK and Na /K -ATPase levels were found to be significantly declined during all the stages. Moreover, the majority of hematological parameters remained unchanged throughout the treatment period with the exception of creatinine and Hb which showed slight modulation in their level at different stages. Based on the results, we conclude that breast cancer and co-treatment with CYP and DOX, interfere arious biological markers, thereby, showing the physiological imbalance.

No abstract

No abstract

) was studied at different current densities (30-80 mA cm -2 ) using a filter-press cell, Ti/Ru 0.3 Ti 0.7 O 2 anode and stainless steel cathode. The electrolyses were performed with and without membrane separating the cell compartments [(homogeneous anionic (Nafion R117), heterogeneous cationic (Ionac MC-3470) and heterogeneous anionic (Ionac MA-3475)]. The influence of the membrane on the rate of Cu II removal was bigger for cationic membranes. Current efficiencies up to ca. 55% (Ionac MC-3470) for Cu II removal at 30 mA cm -2 were obtained. By combining oxidation and reduction, 100% Cu II removal was achieved at current efficiencies of 75%. The main path for the removal is the electrostatic interaction with the anode followed by diffusion through the membrane and deposition at the cathode. Additionally, the oxidative degradation of humic acid contributes to the rate of Cu II removal.