Актуальность. Состояние микроциркуляторного русла в рубцовой ткани имеет большое значение для выбора тактики консервативного и хирургического лечения. Литературные данные, посвященные изучению сосуди-стых особенностей рубцовой ткани, немногочисленны. Цель исследования: изучить и проанализировать некоторые морфологические особенности сосудистого русла рубцовой ткани, их влияние на клиническую картину. Материал и методы. Были обследованы 54 ребенка с гипертрофическими послеожоговыми рубцами. В ис-следовании использовались клинический метод и гистологическое изучение биоптатов рубцов, включающее обзорную световую микроскопию, морфометрическую оценку сосудистого русла, а также определение некото-рых типов коллагеновых волокон рубцовой ткани при помощи иммуногистохимического (ИГХ) исследования (с использованием специфических моноклональных антител (АТ) к коллагену I и III типов [Novocastra, Bond]). Результаты исследования. Выявлено достоверное увеличение суммарной площади поперечного сечения со-судов рубца на единицу площади (1 мм 2 ) в первые 6 месяцев его формирования по сравнению с интактной кожей и на более поздних сроках созревания рубцовой ткани (в % в 1 мм 2 интактной кожи -8,50, в рубце в сроки до 6 месяцев -13,10). Отмечалось уменьшение средних значений количества сосудов в рубцовой ткани и суммарной площади их просвета в сроки созревания рубца от 2 до 5 лет по сравнению с интактной кожей. Узлы обнаруживались в рубцах с ранним появлением клинических признаков сосудистых расстройств в виде пузырей и эрозий на утолщенной и гиперемированной рубцовой ткани. Обсуждение. В формирующихся гипертрофических рубцах кожи условия кровообращения постепенно ухуд-шаются за счет сдавления и облитерации сосудов кожи коллагеном. Усиление перфузии, регистрируемое с по-мощью лазерной доплеровской флуометрии, может быть связано со значительным расширением сосудов руб-ца, а не с усилением перфузии. Выводы. 1. Увеличение площади сосудистого сечения в ранние сроки формирования рубца происходит за счет расширения просвета сосудов. В созревшем рубце количество сосудов уменьшено в 3 раза по сравнению с ин-тактной кожей. 2. Гиперемия гипертрофического рубца обусловлена резким расширением сосудов рубцовой ткани, а не увеличением их количества. 3. Использование гипертрофического рубца в составе ротационных и других лоскутов связано с высоким риском развития трофических осложнений. Ключевые слова: кровеносные сосуды рубца, кровообращение в рубцах, трофика рубцовой ткани, морфоло-гическое исследование рубцов.
При выполнении реконструктивных оперативных вмешательств у детей, страдающих от обширных послеожо-говых гипертрофических рубцов, главной проблемой является дефицит донорских резервов -неизмененной кожи. Цель: определить возможности использования метода экспандерной дермотензии при получении свободных толсто-расщепленных кожных аутотрансплантатов большой площади. Материалы и методы. Проведен сравнительный анализ лечения 39 детей с обширными послеожоговыми гипертрофическими рубцами. У 16 детей (основная группа) первым этапом выполнена дермотензия донор-ской области для получения толсто-расщепленного кожного трансплантата большой площади (более 100 см²). У 23 детей (контрольная группа) трансплантаты большой площади срезались без предварительной дермотен-зии донорской области. Результаты исследования показали, что при необходимости закрытия раневого изъяна площадью более 100 см² целесообразно выполнять предварительную экспандерную дермотензию донорского места. Эта методи-ка позволяет не только получить резистентный к травме свободной имплантации полноценный пластический материал, но и обеспечивает многократную эксплуатацию донорской области, не нарушая эстетику последней.Ключевые слова: термическая травма, гипертрофические рубцы, рубцовые деформации, экспандерная дермо-тензия. FREE SKIN GRAFTING IN RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY OF BURNS IN CHILDREN © K.A. Afonichev, M.S. Nikitin, Ya.N. ProshchenkoThe Turner Scientific and Research Institute for Children's Orthopedics, Saint Petersburg, Russia When performing reconstructive surgery in children suffering from extensive post-burn hypertrophic scars, the main problem is deficiency of donor intact skin. Aim. This study aimed to determine the possibility of using the expander skin balloon expansion method for obtaining free, large area split-thickness skin autografts. Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of treatment for 39 children with extensive post-burn hypertrophic scars was performed. In 16 children (experimental group), balloon skin expansion of a donor site for obtaining large area split-thickness skin grafts (more than 100 cm²) was performed. In 23 children (control group), the large area grafts were cut off without prior balloon skin expansion of the donor site. Results. In cases where it is necessary to close a wound defect over 100 cm², it is advisable to perform prior balloon skin expansion of the donor site. This technique enables attainment of an injury-resistant free implant full grafting material and also provides multiple uses of a donor site without disturbing the esthetics.
BACKGROUND: The use of a vascularized fibular graft during reconstructive interventions on the limbs in children is a promising direction in the replacement of extensive bone defects in children. AIM: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of the literature on microsurgical transplantation of a fragment of the fibula in the replacement of long bone defects in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles were searched in systems such as eLibrary, PubMed, and Google Scholar, with a search time range of 10 years (from 20122022, last query 11/08/2022). The following keywords were used for searching in Russian-language search engines: replacement of bone defects in children and fibula transplantation in children, and in the English-language search engines, microsurgical and fibula, microvascular and fibula, and bone and defect were used. After sorting the published studies, 17 publications were analyzed. RESULTS: The study analyzed a total of 690 patients (mean age 12 2.6 years). The predominant cause of the defects was malignant tumors in 647 patients (93.7% of all patients). Benign processes were also noted, which accounted for 0.87% of all patients: osteomyelitis, 2.0%; congenital pathology, 2.17%, and trauma, 1.45%. The mean follow-up period was 4.8 2.4 years. The survival rate of patients with cancer was 78.4%. Donor-side complications accounted for 14.7% of all complications. Recipient-zone complications were frequent and accounted for 85.3% of all complications (n = 457 cases). The main type of complications reported in the studies was graft fracture or fracture at the graft-bone level (35.7% of all complications). CONCLUSIONS: The use of a fragment of the vascularized fibula in the replacement of extensive bone defects enables a one-stage reconstruction of the limb with good long-term results in large segmental defects of various features. Despite the complications, this technique is one of the few that enables simultaneous limb reconstruction. The decision to use microsurgical fibula autotransplantation is based on the preference and surgical experience of the surgeon.
Background. Congenital radioulnar synostosis (CRUS) is a rare musculoskeletal disease with a wide-ranging symptom complex. Attitudes toward surgical treatment of the disease is very diverse, ranging from complete negation to acceptance. When choosing a treatment method, high recurrence and complication rates should be taken into account.Aims. To analyze the clinical implications of CRUS and to identify optimal treatment options.Materials and methods. From 2008 to 2015, 54 patients (31 boys and 23 girls; aged 1–14 years) with CRUS were examined and treated. Presenting complaints and the possible factors leading to disease development were investigated; orthopedic examination, roentgenography, electromyography, and computed tomography were performed. The treatment approach was determined on the basis of the clinicoroentgenological presentation.Results. All cases of CRUS were sporadic. In 43.7% patients, risk factors resulting in disease development were detected. Unilateral lesions were observed in 30 patients, whereas bilateral lesions were observed in 24 patients. According to the Cleary and Omer classification, the first type is the rarest; it is distinguished by the absence of bony fusion and close to average forearm positioning. In such cases, operative treatment is not necessary. For the second and third types, pronounced pronation forearm realignment requiring corrective derotational osteotomy of the radial bone is the main factor. For the fourth type, the main functional disorder is the restriction of the forearm flexion; treatment for this type involves resection of the radius head. We attempted to divide the synostosis (to achieve active movements) in five patients; however, we were unsuccessful. In three patients, synostosis recurrence occurred; and in two patients, active movements were not obtained after surgery. In four patients, radial nerve neuropathy was detected in the postoperative period after conservative therapy. In two patients, ulnar fractures occurred as a result of a fall; in one of these patients, fragment apposition was required.Conclusions. Clinicoroentgenological manifestations of CRUS determine the treatment options. The most typical and important of these manifestations is the pronation positioning of the forearm. In such cases, it is reasonable to start operative CRUS treatment after 3 years. All variants of deformation are indicators for operation, and treatment options are determined by the degree of severity of the deformation. Attempts to form the forearm bone neoarthrosis in order to get rotational movements is not effective and can result in deformation recurrence.
BACKGROUND: Numerous methods are available for the treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia, but none of them offers a 100% satisfactory result and does not exclude the development of repeated refractories. One of the treatment methods is vascularized transplantation of a fragment of the fibula into the position of the defect of the tibia. However, the achievement of consolidation of the bone fragments of the lower leg does not stop the series of interventions necessary to restore the function of the affected segment. Therefore, specialists were asked about the advisability of performing amputations as an alternative to long-term and multistage interventions. AIM: To analyze the results of the use of microsurgical techniques for the treatment of patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia and, using the example of a patient, to show the way of multistage reconstruction of the lower limb. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of the use of microsurgical techniques in the elimination of a defect in the bones of the leg in five patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia were analyzed. Age, sex, presence of type 1 neurofibromatosis, bone defect size, autograft size, duration of consolidation, osteosynthesis index, refractory, range of joint motion, and secondary deformities of the segments after consolidation were assessed. The course of the patient when performing severe reconstructive interventions to restore the weight-bearing capacity of the limb was described. Vascularized autograft transplantation was performed by a qualified microsurgical team. RESULTS: The mean age was 7.8 2.2 years. Boys predominated, and type 1 neurofibromatosis was detected in 60% of the cases. The average defect size was 8.8 1.6 cm, and the autograft size was 10.8 1.6 cm. The duration of fixation was 260 90 days, and the fixation index was 24.6 10.6 days/cm. In two cases, 1 year after the fibula transfer, refractories were noted at the bonegraft interface. In 100% of the cases, patients had fibrous ankylosis at the level of the ankle joint, with a loss of functional range of motion, and in 40% of cases, there were flexionextension contractures of the knee joints with an extension deficit of up to 20. For this observation period, 3 of 5 patients underwent additional surgical interventions to correct the deformities of the affected limb. CONCLUSIONS: The use of VFT in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia allows restoring the integrity of the tibia. Multiple interventions performed on the same segment can lead to irreversible secondary changes in adjacent joints and loss of function of this limb.
The article describes the development terms of scar deformities of the foot and secondary changes in the tendon-muscular and osteoarticular systems depending on the child’s age and localization of scars. It is shown that the most common type of the secondary deformation is extensive contracture in metatarsophalangeal joints. In almost half of the patients (46.1 %) contractures lead to dislocations in metatarsophalangeal joints. It is noted that in younger children (1-3 years old) secondary deformations developed in the earliest time, after only 8 months after burn injury. It is shown that scars located on the lateral surface of the foot with the transition to the ankle cause an increased risk of multiplanar foot deformity. Prolonged existence of multiplanar deformation leads to the changes of the shape of the articular surfaces and requires a multi-stage surgical treatment.
Статья посвящена анализу отдаленных результатов лечения детей, перенесших термическую травму, и ос-новных причин неудовлетворительных результатов лечения, которые повлекли за собой значительные функциональные ограничения и привели к повторному обращению за медицинской помощью. Прове-денное исследование обозначает наиболее важные звенья хирургического и консервативного лечения, отступление от которых ведет к возникновению, прогрессированию или рецидиву деформации.Ключевые слова: термическая травма, гипертрофические рубцы, рубцовые деформации.
BACKGROUND: Extensive and deep limb defects remain a difficult problem of reconstructive surgery in children. Free microsurgical flaps are used to resolve this problem. Free flaps can be complex in composition and include muscles and bone parts, which allow replacing large and multicomponent limb defects. The technique is used in patients with posttraumatic deformities, burns, acquired limb deformities, and congenital deformities of the extremities. AIM: To retrospectively analyze free flaps in children for the replacement of limb defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This single-center retrospective study analyzed 120 cases of microsurgical autotransplantation of free flaps to replace defects of the upper and lower extremities in children. The patients were children aged 117 years who had injuries and burns, acquired limb deformities, and congenital limb deformities. RESULTS: The average age of the patients was 9.5 years, and 72% of the patients were boys. Moreover, 95% of the children had posttraumatic deformities, burns, and acquired pathologies. Free latissimus dorsi flaps were used in 70% of the patients. The recipient area was the upper limb in 53% of the cases. The survival rate of free flaps was 96%. The general surgical complications were inflammation, pneumothorax, deformities, and specific vascular thrombosis. CONCLUSIONS: Replacement of extensive limb defects with free flaps remains a practical method in children.
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