The purpose of this study is to optimize the thickness of the double-layered microwave absorber for obtaining the highest absorption. The graphenic-based carbon compounds and Fe3O4 magnetic particles were combined to fabricate the double-layered absorber. The thickness was optimized by employing a genetic algorithm (GA) to obtain high reflection loss R L min values. These samples at a thickness of 2 mm were measured for reflection loss (RL) with a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). Input variables, such as relatively complex permeability and relatively complex permittivity, were obtained using a conversion program that uses Nicolson-Ross-Weir (NRW) method from VNA S-parameter values (S11 and S21) data. By entering the permeability and permittivity of the complex relative to GA, the thickness can be optimized to produce high R L min value. Optimization of the double-layer thickness of 12 absorbers produces the optimum thickness of d 1 = 5.99 mm and d 2 = 0.87 mm among the materials combination, which results in a high R L min (−44.69 dB). This optimization is very important for designing double-layer radar absorbing material (RAM) which results in high R L min values.
The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of heating temperature and the chemical exfoliation process on the reflection loss of r-GO synthesized from coconut shell. The heating process is carried out at temperature of 400°C and 700°C. The chemical exfoliation process is carried out by adding 1M H2SO4 solution in a ratio of 1: 1, 1: 5, and 1:10. Then, the process of washing is done using an ultrasonic cleaner. The XRD pattern indicates that coconut shell charcoal has formed the r-GO phase. In the chemical exfoliation process with the addition of 1M H2SO4 solution in a ratio of 1: 10 at a temperature of 400°C, it shows that the maximum reflection loss is -7.186 dB at 10.48 GHz with an electrical conductivity of 1.075 x 10-3 S/cm.
In this study, chemical exfoliation with the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution of old coconut shell reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was carried out. The purpose of this study was to confirm the formation of the rGO phase and to investigate the effect of heating temperature variations and chemical exfoliation processes with the addition of HCl solution on the reflection loss value of old coconut shell rGO. The heating temperature variation is at 400°C and 700°C. Three variations of 1: 1, 1: 5, and 1:10 mole ratios are used in the mixing process of HCl with rGO. Based on the results of XRD testing, the old coconut shell charcoal has formed an rGO phase. Furthermore, VNA testing shows that the biggest reflection loss value is -8.42 dB at a frequency of 10.52 GHz achieved by the sample with the lowest electrical conductivity.
Amorphous carbon films have been explored and used in a wide variety of applications. With the n-type and p-type amorphous carbon film, it can be used to make p-n junctions for solar cells. This research aims to study the structure of boron- and nitrogen-doped amorphous carbon (a-C:B and a-C:N) films. This research uses the basic material of bio-product from palmyra sugar to form amorphous carbon. Amorphous carbon was synthesized by heating the palmyra sugar at 250°C. The results of XRD showed that the doped films produce an amorphous carbon phase. PES was used to analyze the bonding state of dopants in the sample. B4C, BC3, and BC2O bonds formed in a-C:B, while pyridine and pyrrolic formed in a-C:N.
The urgency of the potential use of electronic games in learning is in line with the increasingly advanced technology and as an effort to increase student engagement and concentration. Student involvement and concentration is the key so students can have a learning experience. One alternative solution is the development of electronic games to support learning. The electronic game developed in this study uses Unity software. This type of research is descriptive and qualitative and aims to describe the need for electronic games to support student involvement and concentration in learning. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. The questionnaire was made using G-Form containing 7 question items in the form of checklists or descriptions in each item answer column according to the respondent's opinion. The questionnaire was distributed online to respondents who were teachers and lecturers from various educational units in the city of Padang. Based on the study's results, electronic games are needed to increase student involvement and attention in learning activities. Games make learning fun and varied to stimulate students' interest in learning. Students with a high interest in learning will show engagement and involvement to do something diligently for a long time, be easier to concentrate, remember, and not quickly bored with what is being learned.
Structure of amorphous carbon can be composed of sp2 (graphite), or sp3 (diamond), or a combination of both, depending on their fractions. Therefore, many researchers were exploring to use it as solar cell material. This research used the amorphous carbon of bio-product as a basic material in the form of palmyra sugar which was synthesized through the heating and doping process to produce n-type and p-type semiconductors. This research aims to analyze the effect of dopant and deposition time on electrical properties. The heating process was carried out at 250°C and the doping process was carried out by adding NH4OH for a-C:N and H3BO3 for a-C:B. The deposition process was carried out by the nano-spray method using a variety of deposition time on the ITO substrate. The result of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the film thickness increased with the increase of deposition time. Besides, the result of four-point probe (FPP) showed that the dopant can increase electrical conductivity, but the film thickness did not influence it. The electrical conductivity obtained was 5x10-1 - 6x10-1 S/cm. And the result of further analysis, it can be concluded that electrical conductivity was still in the range of semiconducting material.
Amorphous carbon (a-C) film is a unique material that attracts the attention of scientists to be investigated. Nitrogen- and boron- doped amorphous carbon (a-C:N and a-C:B) have been deposited on ITO glass substrates by using nanospray method. Palmyra sugar is heated at temperature 250o C for 2.5 hours to obtain a-C. Boric acid (H3BO3) and amonium hidroxide (NH4OH) are used as the sources of boron doping and nitrogen doping. a-C:N and a-C:B are made by the variations of mole ratio for doping and amorphous carbon, that are 1:15 and 1:20. Then, these samples are dissolved into mixed dymethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and aquades. The exfoliation process of samples has been done by applying ultrasonic cleaner for 2 hours and also centrifugated at 4000 rpm for 45 minutes. Electrical conductivity and band gap are measured by using four point probe and UV Vis. The results show that electrical conductivity increases but band gap decreases than pure a-C. Furthermore, the larger mole ratio of a:C-N and a-C:B also increases conductivity and decreases band gap, resulting between 5.5×10-1S/cm – 6.1×10-1 S/cm and 1.43 eV – 1.71 eV.
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